1following a meal containing carbohydrates glucose enters b

1.following a meal containing carbohydrates , glucose enters bloodstream and increases circulating blood glucose concentration. describe the changes in the levels of major hormonal regulators in response to hyperglycemia and teh primary functions in reestablishmeing euglycemia (include hormone names and atleast 4 pathways that are being turned on and off to help lower blood glucose concentrations.

2.the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle system is utilized by skelatal muscle to move elctrons, from NADH generated during glycolosis inbto the mitchondria matrix. this shuttle system uses FAD bound to the mitchondrial glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrgenease enzyme to reduceoxygen to water. the malate-asparate shuttle, found in hepocytes similary uses a series of reduction and oxidation reactions to transfer electrons and reduce NAD+ in mitchondrial matrix to NADH.

based on your knowledge ofelectron transport chain, would you expect a difference in the amount of ATP generated from the reducing equivilents produced via glycolysis in skelatal muscle compared to via glycolosis in the liver? if so what is the foudnation for this difference. if not why are they the same?

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Solution

The first pathway to counter hyperglycemia is the normal pancreatic beta cell pathway,

1. Insulin is secreted which counteracts the hyperglycemia producing hormones and maintains low blood glucose levels again.

2. Insulin also lowers down the hepatic glucose production by bringing down the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, It also increases transport of glucose in muscles and fat tissues and prevents the secretion of glucagon.

3. It has also been found that there are several gut hormones called incretin hormones. they have the following functions : release of insulin, inhibition of glucagon,

4. The gut hormones are also responsible for the maintenance of beta cells mass, and inhibition of feeding.