3 Design a lowpass Butterworth filter to meet the specificat

3. Design a lowpass Butterworth filter to meet the specification given below. In addition, the filter must provide extra attenuation of 8 dB (flat for all frequencies). You must use the Sallen & Key K-2 circuit. All capacitors must be 0.1 F. (Hint: do the attenuation by modifying the Sallen & Key input 12 resistor using the approach of Figure 6.20) (48) IS loo0 2300

Solution

Equipotential lines area unit like contour lines on a map that trace lines of equal altitude. during this case the \"altitude\" is electrical potential or voltage. Equipotential lines area unit perpetually perpendicular to the electrical field. In 3 dimensions, the lines kind equipotential surfaces. Movement on associate equipotential surface needs no work as a result of such movement is usually perpendicular to the electrical field.

The electric potential of some extent charge is given by

so that the radius r determines the potential. The equipotential lines area unit so circles associated a sphere targeted on the charge is an equipotential surface. The dotted lines illustrate the scaling of voltage at equal increments - the equipotential lines get additional apart with increasing r.

Equipotential lines: dipole

The electric potential of a dipole show parity concerning the middle purpose of the dipole. they\'re all over perpendicular to the electrical field lines.

For parallel conducting plates like those in an exceedingly electrical device, the electrical field lines area unit perpendicular to the plates and also the equipotential lines area unit parallel to the plates.