Provide an in depth description of biological information tr

Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)

Solution

The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites- one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the the correct amino acid to the ribosome.

Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature mRNA chain.
The mature mRNA finds its way to a ribosome,where it gets translated.In prokaryotic cells,which have no nuclear compartment,the processes of transcription and translation may be linked together without clear separation.In eukaryotic cells,the site of transcription the cell nucleus is usually separated from the site of translation the cytoplasm,so the mRNA must be transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it can be bound by ribosomes.The ribosome reads the mRNA triplet codons, usually beginning with an AUG orinitiator methionine codon downstream of the ribosome binding site. Complexes of initiation factors and elongation factors bring aminoacylated transfer RNAs into the ribosome-mRNA complex,matching the codon in the mRNA to the anti-codon on the tRNA.Each tRNA bears the appropriate amino acid residue to add to the polypeptide chain being synthesised.As the amino acids get linked into the growing peptide chain,the chain begins folding into the correct conformation.Translation ends with a stop codon which may be a UAA,UGA,or UAG triplet.