Distinguish between partial and generalized seizure classes

Distinguish between partial and generalized seizure classes by:

location of lesion

etiology and prognosis by age and complicating causes/conditions at onset

treatments, if needed

Distinguish between meningitis and encephalitis conditions by:

causative microbes

clinical manifestations as associated with cell/tissue damage

diagnostic criteria

treatment

prognosis

Pathophysiology question!

Solution

Generalized seizures - Occurs in all parts of the brain simultaneously.
Etiology - Genetically, Head trauma, Brain tumor, Alzheimer, stroke, autism etc.,
Age - At any age but occurence high in very young and older age.
Complications - Permanent brain damage, Disability in learning.
Treatment - Surgery remove abnormal brain cells due to seizures, Remove tumors or abnormal blood vessels.

Partial Seizures - Occurs in any particular area of the brain.
Etiology - Epilepsy, Brain tumors, Heat stroke, Low blood sugar, Venomous bites, Liver or kidney failure, Brain injuries.

Age - At any age
Complication - Due to emotional stress, cognitive and behavioral difficulties.
Treatment - Cannot be treated but medication taken according to doctor prescription.

Meningitis

Microbes - Pnuumococcal meningitis - Streptococcus pneumoniae
             Meningococcal meningitis - Neisseria meningitides.
                 Escherichia coli meningitis - E.coli
                 Enteroviruses, Influenza,HIV
Clinical manifestations - Fever, Severe headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Double vision, Drowsiness
Laboratory screening - Throat culture, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, CT, MRI or EEG
Treatment - With the help of Antibiotics, Antiviral drug, Anticonvulsants
Prognosis Based on infection - For bacterial meningitis 2-3 days

Encephalitis

Microbes - Herpes simplex virus, Arbovirus
Clinical manifestations - Fever, Seizures, Change in behavior, Confusion and Disorientation
Laboratory screening - Throat culture, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, CT, MRI or EEG
Treatment - Antiviral drug, Anticonvulsants, Immunosuppressant drugs
Prognosis - Depends on the cause and extent of brain inflammation.