Find definitions of the following thermodynamic terms 1 clos

Find definitions of the following thermodynamic terms:

1- closed system

2- control volume

3- extensive and intensive properties

4- thermodynamic cycle

5- equilibrium state

6- adiabatic, isothermal, isentropic process

7- polytropic process

8- p-v and v-T diagrams

9- One-phase and two-phase states

10- Saturation curves

11- Critical point

12- 1st law of thermodynamics for closed and open systems

13- Thermal efficiency of a power cycle

14- Coefficients of performance of refrigeration and heat pump cycles

15- enthalpy

16- specific heat Cp, Cv

17- ideal gas model

18- incompressible fluid model

19- two formulations of the 2nd law of thermodynamics

20- reversible and irreversible process

21- entropy balance for closed and open systems

22- Carnot power cycle

23- Exergy

Solution

1- closed system- System in which only energy interaction takes place.

2- control volume -System in which both energy and mass interaction takes place.

3-extensive and intensive properties

Intensive - properties independent of mass

Extensive - properties dependent on mass

4 Thermodynamic cycle - Processes in which initial and final states are same.

5 Equilibrium state - When there is no change taking place between the systems.

6-adiabatic, isothermal, isentropic process

adiabatic- when there is no heat interaction with the system

isothermal - when there is no temperature change in the system

isentropic - when there is no entropy change in the system

7 Polytropic process- any process which follows the equation PV^(gamma)=0

8 P-v diagram - curve relating the change in pressure with respect to change in specific volume of any process

  v-T diagram - curve relating the change in specific volume with respect to change in Temperature of any process

9 One phase system- when system is present in solid, liquid or gas only.

two phase system- when system is present in solid-liquid or solid -gas or gas- liquid state only

10 Saturation curve - curves differencing between liquid phase, gas phase and liquid- gas phase

11 critical point - Max temperature or pressure below which substance can be brought in liquid phase

12 for closed system, change in internal energy= heat interaction + work interaction

for open system, change in enthalpy + kinetic energy + potential energy + work interaction- heat interaction =0

13 thermal efficiencies = work produced/heat required

14 coefficient of performance= heat extracted from lower temp/ work input

15 enthalpies = internal energy + flow work

16 C_p = heat required to raise the temp of any substance by 1 kelvin in a constant pressure process

  C_v = heat required to raise the temp of any substance by 1 kelvin in a constant volume process

17 Ideal gas model- when the forces between molecules can be neglected.

18 incompressible fluid- when there is no change in volume of fluid in the process

19

Clausius statement- Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time

Kelvin statement- It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.

20 reversible and irreversible systems – when a system can be brought back to its initial position without leaving any impression on the surrounding is called reversible and opposite to it is called irreversible.

21 entropy balance for closed and open systems- rate of entropy change= rate of entropy exiting – rate of entropy entering + rate of entropy generation.

22 carnot power cycle- cycle in which maximum efficiency can be obtained

23 Exergy – Maximum available energy.