Which variable changes most frequently to affect to cardiac

Which variable changes most frequently to affect to cardiac output, stroke volume or heart rate? Does Starling\'s law of the heart relate to heart rate or stroke volume? What factors cause changes in stroke volume? List factors that will cause an increase in heart rate (also known as ______.) List factors that will cause a decrease in heart rate (also known as _____.)

Solution

Which variable changes most frequenctly to affect cardiac output , stroke volume or heart rate?

answer = Amount of blood :

it pump out by each ventricle in one minute.

It varies with HR and Stroke Volume (SV)

Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) * SV

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Does starling law of the heart relate to heart rate or stroke volume ? what factors cause changes in stroke volume

CO = HR x SV.

The Frank–Starling law of the heart : It expresses that the stroke volume of the heart increments because of an expansion in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume) when every single other element stay consistent. As such, as a bigger volume of blood streams into the ventricle, the blood will extend the dividers of the heart, bringing on a more noteworthy extension amid diastole, which thus builds the drive of the constriction and in this manner the amount of blood that is pumped into the

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List factors that will cause an increase in heart rate (also known as ) Agonists

List factors that will cause a decrease in heart rate (also known as ) Antagonists

Factor

increasing heart rate

decreasing HR

Cardioaccelerator nerves

Release of norepinephrine

Release of acetylcholine

Proprioreceptors

Increased rates of firing during exercise

Decreased rates of firing following exercise

Chemoreceptors

Decreased levels of O₂; increased levels of H⁺, CO₂, and lactic acid

Increased levels of O₂; decreased levels of H⁺ and CO₂

Baroreceptors

Decreased rates of firing, indicating falling blood volume/pressure

Increased rates of firing, indicating higher blood volume/pressure

Limbic system

Anticipation of physical exercise or strong emotions

Anticipation of relaxation

Catecholamines

Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine

Decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine

Thyroid hormones

Increased T3 and T4

Decreased T3 and T4

Calcium

Increased Ca²⁺

Decreased Ca²⁺

Potassium

Decreased K⁺

Increased K⁺

Sodium

Decreased Na⁺

Decreased Na⁺

Body temperature

Increased body temperature

Decrease in body temperature

Nicotine and caffeine

Stimulants, increasing heart rate

Factor	increasing heart rate	decreasing HR
Cardioaccelerator nerves	Release of norepinephrine	Release of acetylcholine
Proprioreceptors	Increased rates of firing during exercise	Decreased rates of firing following exercise
Chemoreceptors	Decreased levels of O2; increased levels of H+, CO2, and lactic acid	Increased levels of O2; decreased levels of H+ and CO2
Baroreceptors	Decreased rates of firing, indicating falling blood volume/pressure	Increased rates of firing, indicating higher blood volume/pressure
Limbic system	Anticipation of physical exercise or strong emotions	Anticipation of relaxation
Catecholamines	Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine	Decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine
Thyroid hormones	Increased T3 and T4	Decreased T3 and T4
Calcium	Increased Ca2+	Decreased Ca2+
Potassium	Decreased K+	Increased K+
Sodium	Decreased Na+	Decreased Na+
Body temperature	Increased body temperature	Decrease in body temperature
Nicotine and caffeine	Stimulants, increasing heart rate