Summarize the process of DNA replication by using the follow

Summarize the process of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer, DNA polymerase. DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms template, process RNA polymerase, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons?

Solution

During DNA replication a DNA helix must unwind and separate so that DNA polymerase enzymes can use each single strand as a template for the synthesis of a new double strand. Strand separation is catalyzed by a Helicase enzyme. A number of helper proteins especially SSBs prevent the strands from coming back together before replication is complete. Partial separation of the double helix forms a replication fork.

Each separated strand of DNA acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids; they are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.

A primer is a short strand of RNA (generally about 18-22 bases) synthesizes by Primase(type RNA polymerase), that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. It is required for DNA replication because the enzymes that catalyze this process, DNA polymerases, can only add new nucleotides to an existing strand of DNA. The polymerase starts replication at the 3\'-end of the primer, and copies the opposite strand.

DNA polymerases are the chief replicating enzymes. Prokaryotic cells contain three different DNA polymerases where as eukaryotes contain five different DNA polymeases.

After replication DNA polymeases remove PRIMER with its 5\'-3\' exonuclease activity, and filled with DNA nucleotides. These two DNA fragments are joined by a ligase enzyme.

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