A researcher is interested in how stereotypes can affect per

A researcher is interested in how stereotypes can affect perception among people in the stereotyped group. In this case, the researcher wants to examine whether there are any perceptual differences between young and old people after they are primed with old-age stereotypes (i.e., stereotypes are subconsciously triggered). The researcher obtains 50 university students and 50 seniors and primes them with old-age stereotypes. They are then given the following ambiguous picture, and asked whether they see an old woman or a young woman. It is believed that if the person is old, thinking about old-age stereotypes will result in seeing the old woman in the picture before seeing the young woman. Conversely, if the person is young, thinking about old-age stereotypes will make no difference. The data are presented below:

Young Woman

Old Woman

Young Participants

23

27

50

Old Participants

12

38

50

35

65

Calculate the expected number of participants for each condition. Determine whether there are any significant differences in the proportion of young and old participants who see the old woman first. Assuming =0.05, include the hypotheses, the critical test statistic, conclusion, and all formulas and calculations. (8 marks)

Determine the strength of this relationship. Is this a large, medium, or small effect? (2 marks)

Solution