List and describe the five mechanisms that can convert a pro

List and describe the five mechanisms that can convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene. f. What are the functions of growth factors in cancer? Describe how PDGF can induce cancer. g. Briefly describe the role of tumour suppressor genes in cancer formation. What is the role of the p53 gene, and what happens when it mutates?

Solution

List and describe the five mechanisms that can convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene

Answer:

Relocation of DNA within the genome: Broken fragments of chromosomes rejoined elsewhere. Relocation of gene which is now under the control of a different promoter.

Gene amplification: Duplication of the gene, often of several genes or whole chromosomal segments, results in overproduction of the normally functional gene

Point mutations ( single nucleotide base substitution, insertion, or deletion of the genetic material): could result in production of a growth-stimulating protein that is more active or more resistant to degradation than the normal protein.

Regulatory mutation: Changes in the promoter or upstream sequence cause expression of gene irregular time.