The following are essentials of life that must be provided b

The following are essentials of life that must be provided by metabolism. Proton motive force Reducing power (electrons and protons) for biosynthesis A source of carbon to initiate biosynthesis A way of generating ATP for biosynthesitic pathways Which of the above does a fermenter obtain by substrate-linked phosphorylation? Two pyruvate molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose by glycolysis. What determines whether these pyruvates are reduced to lactate (or ethanol) or are oxidized by the TCA cycle? One pyruvate is always reduced, and the other enters into the TCA cycle Availability of CO_2 allows the use of TCA cycle. TCA cycle requires O_2 or another outside electron acceptor. High levels of NADH force pyruvate reduction; at low NADH levels, oxidation of pyruvate through the TCA cycle is allowed. TCA cycle is used only when cells require a lot of energy. In cells growing by fermentation - a compound used as energy (fuel) is oxidized by a process with the following properties: A sequence of reactions all of which involve oxidation and release of electrons and protons. A sequence of reactions, only a few of which are oxidative and favorable. Some reducing power is used for synthesis and the excess is dumped without being used. A sequence of reactions, each of which either consumes or produces ATP. b and c are both correct

Solution

A way of ATP for Biosynthetic process is done by fermentor for biosynthetic process

15 ) Fate of Pyruvate. In the presence of Oxygen ie. aerobic condition, the pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA and enters TCA cycle. So the answer is C. In RBC fermentation occurs as no mitochondria is present for TCA cycle to occur.

16)Fermentation generates NAD+. Fermentation is oxidation reaction and favorable