A few years ago doctors noticed that many people with ulcers

A few years ago doctors noticed that many people with ulcers also had bacteria in their stomachs. At the time it was generally believed that acid and stress it was generally believed that medical community determine if bacteria cause ulcers. How could the medical community determine if bacteria cause ulcers?

Solution

The medical communities n which mainly health care professionals are going to prescribe antibiotics in case of the ulcer is reduced followed by low acid secretion depicts the resultant ulcer is due to bacterial infection. For example, peptic ulcer is due to Helicobacterium pylori can be determined by fecal cultures or by laproscopic examination finally compared ot he health human samples (control groups)

Question-1: Describe 3 factors that would need to be controlled for in this study.

1. Hostile factors, bleeding should be controlled & Helicobacterium pylori infection control by using antibiotics

2. Pain & inflammation of peptic ulcer & control of excessive acid (H+) ion secretion from gastric layers

3. Control of stomach burning or gnawing, or as hunger pains

Question-2: Why do scientific research studies need controls?

Control groups are used to examine the effect of variable of test groups as part of research methodology that define particular research variables with that of disease (in the above case, peptic ulcers). These methodologies can be used to predict the exact behaviors during the experiment associated qualities with respect to how their can be measured. It can be done with naturalistic observation followed by an experiment to predict the hypothesis by collecting data and to test both dependable and independent variables with that of controls. Control groups are essential to measure the exact effect of these two variables accurately without any bias & error. After testing the hypothesis, it can be illustrated the exact results of the naturalistic observation via operational stage. The following are the best examples.

Question-4. What is another explanation (other than these are H. pylori) for how bacteria could be showing up on his stomach biopsy slides?

Neuroendocrine tumors also referred as islet cell tumors are relatively rare cancers for which the majority (85%) functions to produce hormones. These tumors are also a precursor for generation of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or peptic ulcer disease. The major gastrinoma causing zollinger-ellison syndrome is due to chronic carcinoma developed from peptic ulcer. This peptic ulcer formation is due to either stress or due to Helicobacterium pylori. Gastrinoma is mainly associated with gastric parietal cell apoptosis and leading to caspase mediated gastric cell necrosis & apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic mechanisms. This apoptosis is leading to gastrinoma with peptic ulcer disease due to severe acid secretion through histamine-mediated activity. This is also due to the following infection inside gastric area.

Bacteria, Helicobacterium pylori produces, catalase, urease positive tests and showing up biofilm formation on gastric mucosal layers with several colonies (coccoid forms) on his stomach biopsy slides. It can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy & confocal microscopy. These are flagellated & phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide.

Proton pump inhibitors uses: Ulcers and gastritis produced due to H. pylori bacteria and severe acid release from G cell stimulation though proton pump through chromaffin cells finally cuase damage to the gastric mucosal cell result in “peptic ulcer (a chronic gastric ulcer). Asymptomatic of this ulcer is defined as the process of onset of no symptoms or delayed symptoms even though the person infected with infectious agent. In case of gastritis caused by Helicobacterium pylori 80 % individuals are asymptomatic this research revealing that the person must have resistance to that particular bacterial antigen based on his genetic makeup.