Describe three different symbiotic relationships with exampl

Describe three different symbiotic relationships, with examples. Which relationship produces the most coevolution? Explain.

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Solution

Three different types of symbiotic relatioships are :

1. Mutualism

2. Commensalism

3. Parasitism

1.Mutualism is the relationship between organisms where both are benefitted from each other.

Examples of mutualism:

a. Oxpecker on zebra eats pest. Oxpecker gets food and zebra gets rid of pest.

b. Shape of flower and structure of pollinator is also an example of mutulism as shape of the flower is specific for the pollinator to allow pollination.

c. Bacteria in gut of human intestine benefit human by partially digesting the food difficult to digest. Bacteria gets food through this and human is able to digest tougher to dogest food.

d. Mycorhhiza is association between fungus and gymnosperm root. Plant gets benefitted by collection of nutrients from soil and fungus gets benefit by plant in form of food and shelter.

2. Commensalism: In commensalism association, one organism is benefitted whereas other is not affected at all.

examples:

a. Cattle Egret and cattle: as cattle grazes and uproots plants, insects that escape are eaten by egret. Egret gets the benefit wheras cattle is not affected.

b Sucker fish attaches itself to the shark and travels along. Shark doesnt get affected whereas the sucker fish gets left over food of shark.

c.Epiphytes are plants that grow on larger trees. They just climb the trees for receiving sunlight and do not cause any affect to the plant.

d. CLown fish lives in tentacles of Sea anemones. Sea anemone doesnt get affected whereas clown fish gets the advantage of protection from predators.

3. Parasitism: In this relationship, the parasite harms the host to derive the benefit in terms of food or shelter or both. In this type of relationship one species is harmed whereas other is benefitted.

examples of parasitism:

a. Lice on Human body: Lice sucks blood can causes harm to human.

b. Cuscuta causes harm to higher plants by living on it and taking the benefit of food and shelter.

c. Ascaris lives in human intestine . It benefits from receiving food and shelter and causes harm to human.

d. tapeworm in Human intestine as they get partially digested food and deprive human of nutrients.

Out of these relationships, coevolution is most important for species showing mutualistic behaviour as:

1. They both have large dependency on each other for their survival.

2. Any change in one species can lead to extinction of the other. Coevolution is the only strategy for their survival.