The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone Both bo

The skeletal system is made up of cartilage and bone. Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues, that is, they are composed of cells in a matrix with intracellular fibers. Just imagine connective tissue as a gelatin salad with grapes and coconut. The grapes would represent cells, the gelatin the support material for matrix, and the pieces of coconut the intracellular fibers. By changing the amounts of each ingredient and adding extra substances, we can produce a material that is very hard like bone and can withstand weight or softer like cartilage which can be used as a cushioning material. In this exercise, we will examine a fresh raw chicken bone to study bone structure. Materials Note: To complete both experiments, you will need three raw chicken bones. Each experiment requires a separate bone. Fresh chicken leg bone Knife Procedure 1. Carefully remove the skin and muscles from the bone as you do this. note the way that muscles are attached. 2. Split the bone lengthwise. 3. Examine the bone and locate the following structures: a. Tendon Examine the attachment of the muscles to bone. In most cases, the long ropejke attachment is a tendon and is composed of dense regular connective b, Periosteum This thin membrane covers the outside of the bone. c. Articular cartilage Note this thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphysis. d. Mamow.cavity This hollow cavity in the diaphysis of the bone is lines with a thin membrane called the ndosleww. e. Spongy bone This type of bone is located in the ends or epiplyses of the bone d appears to be open with small spicules or bars. f Compact bone Makes up the shaft or diaplysis ofthe bone. Questions I. How does spongy bone differ from compact bone? What di ferences did you see in the appearance of the spongy bone and compact bone? What color was the spongy bone? 2. How does cartilage differ from bone? How did each one feel when pierced with the knife? 3. How did the periosteum and Rndoslcuw differ in thickness? 4. Was the bone marrow yellow, red, green or blue? 5, What type of cartilage makes up the articular cartilage? 6. How did the articular cartilage differ in appearance from the s bone? 7, What color was the tendon? What substance gives it strength? 8. How did the raw bone differ in appearance from the baked bone in the other experiment?

Solution

Ques-1:

Spongy bone possess a larger surface area to mass ratio when compared to the cortical bone (or compact bone, which is irregular in shape) as it possess very soft and higher flexible features. Spongy bone bone has trabeculae, with lower number of osteons & there are no central canals but compact bone is sesamoid in shape with has osteons, canaliculi, & perforating canal. The color of spongy bone is redish purplish color

The surface area is making them suitable for their meticulous function in enabling metabolic activity such as for the calcium homeostasis. This bone is found in tibia and radius ulna. Femur bone also possesses this osseous tissue typically attached to the joints. The size of the long and at the end it possess an elliptical structure with smooth and spongy bone in arm or forelimb further it connects the two other structures called radius and ulna (bone of lower of arm) with scapula.

Bones will become brittle in the absence of calcium result in reduced bone growth and remodeling.

Endochondral ossification is the process that enables development of long bones especially epiphyseal plate longitudinal growth. This plate possesses chondrocytes and undergoes continuous division by mitotic division result in formation of daughter cells stacking together in the epiphysis. Upper extremities contain long bones such as radius and ulna developed from ossification of compact bone. Radius and ulna are two large bones of the forearms and radius particularly has located lateral side of the forearm and medially to the forearm finally connects with capitulum of the humerus.

The central portion of the bone shaft is often referred as diaphysis and it is resistant to various stretching and lateral forces including compression forces. It exerts higher resistance to compression forces due to presence of calcium where as resistance to stretching lateral forces are due to presence of collagen. The diaphysis lacks torsion strength and exerts resistance to torsion.

Ques-2:

Bone and cartilage differences: Bone possess high collagen but very low amorphous with more calcium and osseous mineral in the tissue. Cartilage possess less minerals and less calcium composition. Bone is vascularsed with red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow to produce erythrocytes. Cartilage does not have these properties. In cartilage, chondrocytes are present and they do divide but osteocytes do not divide. Cartilage growth is interstitially and appositionally but bone growth is only in appositionally.

Cartilage and bone possess organic matter as chondroitin sulphate, hyaline is present in cartilage. They consist of Glycoproteins associated with chondrocytes to matrix anchorin, tenascin, and fibronectin and proteoglycan. Inorganic material is calcium etc.

Reticular cartilage is not going found in majority of tissues and reticular connective tissue is found in majority of organs such as kidneys, spleen etc. The lymphoid tissue is mostly composed of a reticular connective tissue (a type of loose connective tissue).

Cartilage is smoother and tokk less effort & energy to break than bone, which is very hard

QUes-3:

There was no much thickness differences between periosteum & endosteum