3 It is often said that correlation does not imply causality

3. It is often said that correlation does not imply causality. Yet, in certain research domains, randomized trials are not appropriate. List the evidence that a researcher can collect to make causal statements stronger in the absence of a randomized trial.

Solution

If you have data for some experiment you have done then you have the full-fledged response variables and independent variables to explain the relationship between one another. In case of a randomized trial, say a clinical intervention, a researcher can explain causality unless he has done a randomized trial. Hence, in the absence of a randomized trial, a researcher will have enough data to explain the causality and will be able to make a stronger case.