11 Describe four manufacturing processes involved in process

11. Describe four manufacturing processes involved in processing polymer and their general characteristics. 12. Explain THREE type of reinforcing components that common used to formed composite materials. 13. Outline the steps involved in processing: (a Ceramics and (b) glasses 14. Explain the meaning of powder that calcified with size of 200 mesh. 15. Explain all methods that improve density distribution.

Solution

11 Extrusion

The extrusion process basically is continuously shaping a fluid polymer through the orifice of a suitable tool (die), and subsequently solidifying it into a product (extrudate of constant cross section). In the case of thermoplastics, the feed material, in powder or pellet form, is most commonly heated to a fluid state and pumped into the die, through a screw extruder; it is then solidified by cooling after exiting from the die.

Film Blowing

The film blowing process basically consists of a extruding a tube of molten thermoplastic and continuously inflating it to several times initial diameter, to form a thin tubular product that can be used directly, or slit to form a flat film.

Sheet Thermoforming

Sheet thermoforming, or simply thermoforming, involves the heating of a flat thermoplastic sheet to a softened state (above the glass transition temperature T_gfor non-crystallizing thermoplastics or near the melting temperature T_mfor crystallizing ones), followed by the deformation (forming) of the softened sheet into a desired shape by pneumatic or mechanical means, and finally its solidification into this shape by cooling.

Blow Molding

The basic principle of the blow molding process is to inflate a softened thermoplastic hollow preform against the cooled surface of a closed mold, where the material solidifies into a hollow product.

12) Carbon, Fiber and epoxy resin.

13) a. CLAY PREPARATION

  WEDGING

  FORMING

  DRYING

  BISQUE FIRING

  GLAZE FIRING

b)   

14) To make or become stony or chalky by deposition of calcium salts.

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