What stages of cellular respiration require an input of ATP

What stage(s) of cellular respiration require an input of ATP? Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate Oxidation Electron Transport Chain All of the above require an input ATP synthase exploits a proton gradient to produce ATP How is the proton gradient established? Water is hydrolyzed to oxygen and protons in the electron transport chain Energy released by reducing NADH and FADH_2 causes protons to diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane NADH and FADH_2 directly deliver H+ to the mitochondrial intermembrane space complexes embedded in a mitochondrial membrane pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space

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QUESTION3:THE STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION REQUIRES AN INPUT OF ATP ARE:

A)GLYCOLYSIS.....

QUESTION4:ATP SYNTHASE EXPLOITS A PROTON GRADIENT TO PRODUCE ATP.HOW IS THE PROTON GRADIENT ESTABLISHED:

D)COMPLEXES EMBEDDED IN A MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE PUMP PROTONS FROM THE MATRIX TO THE INTER MEMBRANE SPACE TO PRODUCE PROTON GRADIENT..........