Providing examples explain how sexual reproduction in plants

Providing examples, explain how sexual reproduction in

plants has evolved to become less dependent on water.

Solution

Explanation :-

The sexual reproduction in lower plants from algae to pteridophytes is exclusively dependent on water to the extent that bryophyta are called amphibians of plant kindom as they cannot complete their fertilization without the help of water. Because water is required for spermatozoa to move to archegonia for fertilization. However in higher plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms the dependence of water has decreased due to different features firstly the sperms are not naked instead they are present in pollen grains and they do not require water for transport form anther to stigma but diffent pollinating agents are responsible for the transfer of pollen grains from anther of male reproductive part to stigma of female reproductive or ovules in gymnosperms. The pollen grains after falling on female reproductive part germinate into pollen tube that acts as vehicle to deliver sperms into the ovule and egg. Thus in this way plants have evolved to become less dependent on water for sexual reproduction.