which of the following are estimate methods can have multipl

which of the following are estimate methods? (can have multiple answers)

a. census
b. fixed-area plot
c. Variable area plot
d. double observer
e. double sampling

class is Wildlife Techniques
I know it\'s not census

Solution

Amongst the given choices, the estimate methods are;

b. Fixed-area plot: : These are plots of fixed area; used for estimating abundance of various standing trees in a forest.

c. Variable area plot: It is a variable plot technique mainly used for shurb sampling.

d. Double observer : This method employs a primary and secondary observer for more specific detection and abundance calculations. eg. estimating bird populations.

Census approach is seldom used for estimating populations of wildlife as it is impractical and require high costs.

Also, the approach of double sampling is an indirect method to calibrate indicies against direct estimates. This technique is based on ratio estimation, depending on values of auxillary variables.