Every year the viral strains included in vaccinations for th

Every year, the viral strains included in vaccinations for the flu are slightly different, based on the prevalence of the strains present the previous year. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the vaccinations and the treatment of viral infections like the flu?

When someone who is vaccinated encounters the virus they were vaccinated for, antigens are produced triggering destruction of the virus.

Antibodies are built up in response to viral antigens, making those with vaccines more susceptible to viral infection.

Viruses mutate quickly due to overuse of antibiotics.

Vaccinations involve introducing an antigen of a virus into the immune system, which stimulates the production of antibodies.

Recall that HIV is a retrovirus. Based on that, which of the following would NOT be an effective drug target for treatment of HIV?

Translation inhibitors

Integrase inhibitors

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

The type of horizontal gene transfer that specifically requires a virus to transfer DNA from donor to recipient is called:

transformation.

conjugation.

transduction.

binary fission.

Binary fission differs from mitosis in that

binary fission occurs in prokaryotes, and mitosis happens in eukaryotes.

binary fission does not have a step to duplicate the genetic information, and mitosis does.

binary fission creates daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while mitosis introduces genetic variation.

binary fission does not have a step to separate the parent cell into two daughter cells, and mitosis does.

Bacteria contain ______ in their cell walls, while Archaea contain _____ in their cell walls.

chitin; peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan; pseudopeptidoglycan

pseudopeptidoglycan; peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan; chitin

cellulose; chitin

Solution

Q1. Option A. If a person is vaccinated for a particular virus, if the virus infects, more antibodies were produced inside the body that kills the viruses present in the body. This response is memory mediated immune response.

Q. 2.. Option A.

Since HIV is a retro virus, translation inhibitors does not effect on the virus once they are integrated to host DNA and reverse transcription occurs. It could be effectively treated before it integrates to host DNA by integrase inhibitors. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are more efficient since they inhibits the process of reverse transcription, very essential step in retro virus infection.

Q. 3. Option C transduction

Transduction is a type of gene transfer in bacteria with the agency of viruses particularly bacteriophages.

Conjugation and transformation are the other types of gene transfer between two bacteria. Whereas binary fission is the mode of asexual reproduction in bacteria.

Q. 4. Option A.

Binary fission is the unique mode of asexual reproduction in the kingdom monera. All eukaryotic organisms have mitosis for the reproduction except a few lower eukaryotes.

In both binary fission and mitosis, genetic material is duplicated via DNA replication. And daughter cells are identical to their parent cell.

Q. 5. Option B. Peptidoglycan and pseudopeptidoglycan

Cell wall of bacteria is made up of Peptidoglycan or murein. Whereas archebacteria cell wall is made up of pseudomurein or pseudopeptidoglycan