1 list all the construction material that we use as civil en

Solution

Answer (1)- The materials which are employed in construction work. Here I am going to discuss the most important building materials which are employed in construction and civil engineering

Different Building materials used are:-

· Concrete

· Cement

· River Sand

· Aggregates

· Bricks

· Steel

· Wood

· Glass

· Ceramics

·

· Plastics

· Bitumen and bituminous materials

· Concrete Mixer

· Vibrator

· Earth Rammer

Answer(2)-Ductility describes the extent to which a material (or structure) can undergo large deformations without failing. The term is used in earthquake engineering to designate how well a building will endure large lateral displacements imposed by ground shaking.

Stiffness is a measure of how much force is required to displace a building by a certain amount. If it requires more force to shift Building A than Building B, we would say that Building A is stiffer. Stiffness can be advantageous with respect to earthquake damage because it can limit the deformation demands on a building.

Determinate structures are analysed just by the use of basic equilibrium equations. By this analysis, the unknown reactions are found for the further determination of stresses.

Redundant or indeterminate structures are not capable of being analysed by mere use of basic equilibrium equations. Along with the basic equilibrium equations, some extra conditions are required to be used like compatibility conditions of deformations etc to get the unknown reactions for drawing bending moment and shear force diagrams.

Example of determinate structures are: simply supported beams, cantilever beams, single and double overhanging beams, three hinged arches, etc.

Examples of indeterminate structures are: fixed beams, continuous beams, fixed arches, two hinged arches, portals, multistoried frames, etc.