Describe the effectmechanism of alcohol at the synapse on th

Describe the effect/mechanism of alcohol at the synapse on the activity of different neurotransmitter systems. For each of the neurotransmitters, link the effects of alcohol on that neurotransmitter to the behavioral effects of the drug.

Solution

Alcohol impairs the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain. Initially, the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters is favoured, but the release of excitatory neurotransmitters is involved in the development of dependence.

Dopamine release associated with the increased glutamatergic activity (acting at NMDA receptor) is responsible for drug craving. Dopamine is expected to involve in the drug dependence through the “mesocortical dopaminergic reward pathways.” The dopamine-releasing drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine are also shown to activate these pathways. After withdrawal of alcohol, these dopamine systems are inhibited. The opiate receptors, serotonin and GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) are also involved in alcohol dependence, so the opiate antagonists such as naloxone are used in the treatment of alcohol craving.