Please help me with these questions Forensic police often so

Please help me with these questions:

Forensic police often solve crimes using the following techniques:

PCR and short tandem repeat analysis

Cloning and PCR

PCR and DNA microarray analysis

PCR and DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing and DNA microarray analysis   

Cloning has been used in the establishment of which of the following?

Genetically modified crops

Strains of bacteria that produce proteins used for treating human disorders

Strains of bacteria that produce proteins used to investigate biochemical pathways

a and b

a, b, and c

Which of the following allowed for the efficient and rapid sequencing of whole genomes (including ours, which contains 3 billion base pairs)?

The development of very efficient laser-based DNA sequencers

The development of computer software capable of ordering sequences consisting of only up to 750 base pairs

The collaboration of multiple research groups

a and b

a, b, and c

Solution

Forensic police often solve crimes using the following technique

a. PCR and short tandem repeat analysis

Explanation:- PCR is used for getting multiple copies of a DNA sample. It`s main target is amplification.

DNA regions with 2-6bp short repeating length is called Short Tandem Repeats or STR. STRs have become popular DNA markers because they are easily amplified by PCR. STRs are of variable nature. STR regions are analyzed for forensic testing to intensify the discrimination between one DNA profile and another.

Cloning has been used in the establishment of which of the following?

d. a and b

Explanation:- Gene cloning is a method in which desired gene is isolated from an organism then the gene is copied. The copied gene is inserted in another organism. This method is one of the key process of genetic engineering.

To produce genetically modified crops genes from different variety are assembled. Firstly they are isolated then cloned and then inserted.

Bacterial protein are over expressed to study their pathogenic role. Before expression the gene is first cloned and then inserted in expression vectors.

To investigate biochemical pathway we use radio isotope or fluorescence protein but not any type of cloning.

Which of the following allowed for the efficient and rapid sequencing of whole genomes (including ours, which contains 3 billion base pairs)?

e. a, b, and c

Explanation:- For sequencing a whole genome Sanger sequencing method or chain termination method can be applied. To reduce the cost of sequencing scanning of nucleotides can be done by laser based scanner.

For such a huge genome sequencing bioinformatical softwares are used for analyzing data (ex- Staden Package, MIRA, CAP3 etc).

Sequencing a whole genome is a very tough and lengthy project. So, many research groups participate and work in collaboration. They exchange their data and analyze to sequence a complete genome.