Define Materials Science and Engineering MSE How are all mat

Define Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) How are all materials classified? You would like to design on aircraft that can be flown by human power nonstop for a distance of 30 km. What types of material properties would you recommend? What materials might be appropriate? Aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/cm^3. Suppose you would like to produce a composite material based on aluminum having a density of 1.5 g/cm^3. Design a material that would have this density. Would introducing beads of polyethylene, with a density of 0.95 g/cm^3, into the aluminum be a likely possibility? Explain. What properties should the head of a carpenter\'s hammer possess? How would you manufacture a hammer head? What are advanced materials? Donald R. Askeland, Wendelin J. Wright, The Science and Science and Engineering of Materials, 7^th Edition, Cengage Learning, 2016. With the exception of problems involving EXCEL Worksheets and Graphs, problems should be done on engineering problem paper using the front of the sheet. Only one problem should be placed on a sheet, even if it takes only a small amount of space. Please Do not just write down the answer. You will be graded on how you do the problem. No late problems will be accepted without prior permission.

Solution

1. Material Science and Engineering: MSE

MSE is an interdisciplinary study of materials for engineering and practical purposes. It is based on the physics and chemistry of the internal structure of materials. It investigates relationships existing between the structure of materials and their properties which ultimately helps an engineer to form the end product. Depending upon applications and working environment, a material property is changed with various new techniques for better performance of various machineries.

2. Classification of materials:

Materials can be classified as the following-

a. Metals- ferrous and non-ferrous

Metals are composed of elements hich readily give up electrons to provide a metallic bond and electrical conductivity. They possess lustre, hardness, strength, malleability, ductility, stiffness, rigidity etc to name a few.

Examples: Iron, Aluminium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc etc

b. Ceramics

Ceramics usually consist of oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicates or borides of various metals. They are inorganic, rock or clay mineral materials. They possess brittleness, hardness, abrasiveness, insulation, high temperature strength etc.

Examples: Sand, Glass, Cement, refractories etc

c. Composites

Composite consist of more than one material type. It is designed to possess a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials.

Examples: Concrete, Plywood, Fiberglass etc

d. Organics or Polymers

Polymers are carbon compounds consisting of long molecular chains. They are light weight, poor resistance to temperature, dimesnionally unstable etc.

Examples: Rubber, Plastics, Teflon, PVC pipes etc

3. Aircraft materials and properties:

Aircrafts operating on human power must possess High strength to weight ratio. The material must be light weight but strong enough to resist atmospheric disturbances. Since, we are discussing about human operated aircrafts for very short distances , the material must be cheap and easy to manufacture the aircraft. Such aircrafts can be made of wood or materials used for gliders etc.

4. Composite material of Aluminum and beads:

To lower the density, a material of low density compared to aluminum must be used for the composite. Examples- Balsawood, polythene, polystrene etc. Polythelene beads will lower the density because it has lower density than Aluminum. Hence, the overall density of the aluminum composite will be lower than Aluminum. A honeycomb structure of such composite is possible . A sandwich panel is also possible.

5. Carpenter\'s Hammer:

Carpenter\'s hammer head must possess the following:

a. Hardness- to prevent indents on it

b. Toughness- to absorb shock impacts

c. Long lasting

d. Cheap and easy to maintain

Manufacturing process of the head: HOT FORGING,followed by trimming of flash from the dies, heat treatment of the head for improving hardness, followed by shot blasting to clean the head and lastly, smooth polishing.

6. Advanced Materials:

Advanced materials are the materials which are used in high technology applications. They include the following:

a.Semicinductors

Semiconductors are materials having properties that are intermediate between electrical conductors and insulators. They are vastly used in electronics and computer industries.

b. Biomaterials

They are used in human body as implants to replace damaged parts. They should not produce toxic subsatnces and must be compatible with body tissues.

c. Smart Materials

They are materials which are able to sense changes in their environmentn and respond to it accordingly. They include some type of sensor and an actuator. Examples include shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics etc.

d. Nanomaterials

They are structural entities whose dimensions are of the order of a nanometer. They are used in catalytic convertors for automobiles, nanocarbons (fullerenes), magnetic tapes, harddisks, nanocomposites etc.