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Why is O-H or O-P (weak bonds) a better source of energy than H20 (strong bonds? How can a reaction with a positive G0\' (like malate oxaloacetate) go forward in the cell? Why do activated states rarely occur at physiological temperatures? How do cells overcome this? What role do enzymes play in the cell with regards to chemical reactions? Can they work against equilibrium? Why are ATP\'s phosphoanhydride bonds high energy? Why is ATP hydrolysis to be so favorable? Peptide bond formation has a positive G. What is ATP\'s role in making protein synthesis favorable?

Solution

1. The O-H,O-P bonds are polar, the oxygen atom trying to abstract the shared electron pair towards it, so that can break easily therefore they act as better energy source than H2O,where hydrogen bonding and repulsion-minimized \'V\' shape of the molecule provide more stability.

2.OAA(oxalo acetate) formed inside the cell used to remove by an exergonic reaction(catalyzed by citrate synthase),therefore the concentration of OAA very very low inside the cell and hence it favourable for Malate formation by Malate dehydrogenase.

3.In physiological temperature and P^H the activated state is not much favourable this canbe overcome by Enzymes,the biological catalyst,they bring the substrate to the acivated stage.

4.A reaction involves breaking and making up of bond in order to reach a transition state and then the produt is formed,the energy required to reach the transition state can be reduced by Enzymes,without them most of the cellular reactions are impossible,they do not alter the equilibrium point

5. Energy obtained from a phosphoanydride (P-O-P) bond, because the two phosphorus atoms must compete for the electrons of the oxygen, a phosphate group considered alone, they don’t have to.  Another energy source is the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged oxygen groups of a phosphoanhydride is lost on hydrolysis.  In the physiologic pH range, ATP has up to 4 negative charges, whose electrostatic repulsions are reduced by ATP hydrolysis. As far as entropy is concerns it increases( At a time 2 molecules are produced from 1,)which too pull the reaction forward

6.Aminoacid+tRNA+ATP->aminocyl-tRNA+AMP+2Pi(delta G⁰= -29kJ/mol) ATP, participate in amonoacyl tRNA synthetase reaction(attachment of correct aminoacid to their respective tRNA ) thus helps the primary stage of protein synthesis.The peptide bond formation is done by a ribozyme(RNA-enzyme) named Peptidyl Transferase