Read the below medical report and answer the following quest

Read the below medical report, and answer the following questions:

CT-Guided Kidney Biopsy Report HISTORY: Severe chronic renal insufficiency and anemia. Etiology of nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency is unknown. FINDINGS: Patient was prepped and draped per protocol. Conscious sedation was achieved with Versed and fentanyl and 1% lidocaine was administered for local anesthesia. The inferior third of the left kidney was selected and confirmed with CT; with a 20-gauge needle multiple core biopsies were obtained. Few glomeruli were evident. The middle third of the left kidney was selected and CT confirmed; multiple biopsies were obtained. Finally, the superior third of the left kidney was selected and CT confirmed position; multiple biopsies were obtained with an 18-guage needle. Specimens were sent to pathology. Post-procedure CT scan shows some mild bilateral retroperitoneal hemorrhage. The patient tolerated the procedure well.

1.Describe chronic renal insufficiency, anemia and nephrotic syndrome.

2.Describe the role the kidneys play in anemia.

3.What is Versed, Fentanyl and Lidocaine? Describe the action of each.

4.The report states that \"few glomeruli were evident\". What is the implication of this?

5.What is a CT scan?

6.What is meant by \"bilateral retroperitoneal hemorrhage?

Solution

1.Describe chronic renal insufficiency, anemia and nephrotic syndrome

Normally, nephrotic syndrome is leading to \"higher damage of capillary walls of glomerulus\" finally causes renal insufficiency of protein. On the other hand, during anemia, high amount of hemoglobin loss occurs due to RBC death, so that erythropoitin hormone is released from \"kidneys\". It is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized mostly in the kidney, and in the liver. The physiological stimulus for EPO production is tissue hypoxia, incase if any tissue hypoxia is sensed by cells in the kidney and liver have the ability of producing EPO, and secrete EPO into the plasma. Further EPO is passed to the bone marrow, where it reacts to explicit cell surface receptors on its target cells i.e. the CFUE cells, result in the production of proerythroblasts, and basophilic erythroblasts and finally into mature erythrocytes.

2.Describe the role the kidneys play in anemia.

Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. The filtration of blood takes place in the kidneys through the nephrons. Two ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. From the bladder, urine is excreted out through the urethra. The urinary system regulates \"release of erythropoitin during anemia\" to regulate red blood cell mass from bone marrow\" and urinary system maintain cell homeostasis by eliminating waste from the blood via flitration of blood by kidneys thus electrolyte balance occurs

3.What is Versed, Fentanyl and Lidocaine? Describe the action of each

The versed action of fentanyl is mainly through mu-receptors by short duration of action to reduce pain & it is an opiod medication. Lidocaine is a local anesthetics work by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels. Applying a local anesthetic for example, lidocaine to a neuron axon in vitro, and then “electrophysiological measures” mainly changes in axonal membrane potential in response to electrode stimulation of the membrane to threshold.