Given the circuit below what does this circuit do and what c

Given the circuit below what does this circuit do and what could you use this circuit for? What types of industrial applications can an accelerometer be applied? Draw a strain gauge circuit and its external components to attach to a conveyor mounted only at the ends to measure the load at the center of the conveyor. What type of testing would you need to do to establish a baseline and calibration curve for this sensor?

Solution

(10)(a) An op-amp is usually used as a comparator in cases where its speed and accuracy are not critical.The switching speed of the op-amp comparator can be improved and noise can also be eliminated. The offset problems can also be reduced by adding a voltage compensating network and a offset reducing resistor. Since the op-amp is originally designed to act as an amplifier, its output will not act linearly with logic families like TTL. A TTL requires input voltages which range between (0-5) volts. Thus, to keep the op-amp’s output voltage swing between these ranges, other components like zener diodes are added onto the circuit.

(b) used as voltage limiter

(11) *Ion implantation:Electrostatic accelerators are used to deposit ions in semiconductors.

*Sterilization: Particle accelerators are use for medical sterilization, food preservation, purifying drinking water and removing noxious substances. There is lot of food born illness erupting which could be mitigated through the sterilization of food using accelerators, but this method is still not widely accepted by the general public. Irradiation is the most effective method of eliminating the deadly bacteria in raw meat. It can also significantly reduce levels of other pathogens, including Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter and others. While there is no single technique to cure all food problems, irradiation is accepted as both safe and effective. Linear accelerators can be used for irradiation. There are also some sterilization processes which accelerators can perform. An accelerator is an alternative to the autoclave to sterilize surgical instruments and laundry. Also, the preservation of food stuff for animals and production of fertilizer for crops is commonly done, as these are perceived to be sufficiently remote from human ingestion, so that the public is not afraid of a radiation hazard.

*Transmutation of nuclear waste: Apart from developing fission material for explosives, particle accelerators can also be used for treating nuclear waste. Nuclear waste from nuclear reactors is stored in storage pools, but nowadays the storage pools are filled completely and the radioactive materials in the waste have half-life period of million years. Since there is no way to dispose of the nuclear waste without causing a threat, a new concept called ADTT (Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technology) has been developed. It can reduce the half-life period of the radioactive waste to a few centuries which would be helpful in storing the waste. The conceptual basis is to use neutrons to transmute the particles of radioactive elements such as Plutonium and Neptunium to products with a lower half-life. Accelerator based conversion can also be used to destroy plutonium from weapons and reactor fuel sources by producing products with lower half-life. This process can burn up to 98% of plutonium-239 and 90% of plutonium isotopes from explosive material.