Explain how microorganisms are used in biotechnologySolution

Explain how microorganisms are used in biotechnology

Solution

Microorganisms are used for a variety of purposes in biotechnology and the applications include---

-1)fermentation and production of cheese, yoghurt,jam pickles, jellies,drinks.

2) fermentation of fruits like apple, alcohol,wine, beer, whisky,gin,vodka from grapes,apple with the help of bacterial strains like corynebacterium glutamicum.

3)fermentation of carbohydrates like molasses, husk by various strains of bacteria.

4)production of various metabolites from bacteria strains like citric acid, glutamic acid, amino acids like lysine ,arginine, alcohols like ethanol, propanol, methanol by genetically engineering and cloning of genes responsible for the effective synthesis of enzymes with feedback control ,activation and inhibition steps of particular metabolic pathways.

5)production of vaccines and single cell proteins from various strains of bacteria and yeast for example insulin,glucagon, rennin, chymotrypsin, trypsin, etc.

6)production of antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin, erthromycin, aminoglycosides, macrolides,caprolactones in fungi and bacteria respectively.

7)generation of mutants of enzymatic genes in bacterial strains useful for the synthesis of particular metabolites in particular pathways like krebs cycle, glycolysis,amino acid pathways, antibiotic pathways, lipid pathways etc.

8)metabolic engineering of various enzymes with particular metabolite pathways