1 Humans arent the only mammals that can be afflicted by cha

1. Humans aren’t the only mammals that can be afflicted by changes in bone structure due to mutations in signaling pathways that affect bone growth. Read this article and summarize how the mutation discussed in dogs is related to the mutation that causes achondroplasia in humans, as well as anything else interesting from the article.

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2009/07/16/the-copied-gene-that-

gave-dachshunds-and-corgis-their-short-legs/

2. Some people take human growth hormone supplements to help them build muscle mass. While it is true that natural growth hormone causes muscles to grow, the efficacy of these supplements is debatable. Dive into the controversy online and try to find a website or video selling human growth hormone (or something related to it) and write down what it claims it will do. Then try to find a reputable website that discusses the science behind such claims, and write what you learn. If you had a roommate taking hGH, what would you tell him or her based on what you found?

Solution

An injury to the epiphyseal plate result in damaged hyaline cartilage of metaphysis result in damaged bone growth; low endochondrial ossification of long bones finally leading to reduced osteoblasts to generate new bone with remodeling. This type of injury called as Salter-Harris fracture and it is due to achondroplasia result in low bone growth in children associated with poor height.

Intermediate phenotype arises during incomplete dominance. The incomplete dominance results if the phenotypic expression of one allele is not completely dominated by another allele.

In the given article, FGF4 is the main protein factor mainly responsible for located differently away on the dog genome and inheritance of mutated gene (FGF4 coding gene) of two copies is result in the short-legged breeds with abnormal growth due to low bone growth. In case of humans, when only one parent has the achondroplasia mutated- condition, then the child has a chance of getting 50% of FGFR3 & FGF4 gene in humans.

Two people average height have a child with achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is meticulously triggering bone formation abnormities due to incomplete conversion of cartilage into bone during birth. If the parents who have given birth to a child with acondroplasia have representing autosomal dominant inheritance in both the parents. Therefore, both parents have the condition of carrying “autosomal dominant inheritance” as described in the above figure. The following information a professional geneticist

A 25% ---> normal stature of child

A 50% ----> having a defective mutated FGFR3 gene that causes achondroplasia

A 25% ----> inheriting two defective FGGR3 genes --> causes fatal form of achondroplasia with (AA) complete dominance homozygous achondroplasia

Intermediate phenotype arises during incomplete dominance. The incomplete dominance results if the phenotypic expression of one allele is not completely dominated by another allele.