Use Ohms Law to explain what happens when sodium on channels

Use Ohm\'s Law to explain what happens when sodium on channels open during the depolarization phase of the action potential. How does it return to the resting membrane potential? A primary neurotransmitter in the brain is glutamate. However, it is also a neurotoxin called an endogenous neurotoxin How can it function both as a neurotransmitter and as a neurotoxin? What diseases/ailments is glutamate associated with and why? Schizophrenia is believed to be caused by excessive dopamine activity in a particular region of the brain. Explain why symptoms of schizophrenia sometimes occur as a side effect in patients being treated for Parkinson\'s disease You have been eating too many sweets over the summer and did not brush your teeth regularly (I mean more than once a month). Now, you are seating in your dentist\'s chair waiting for the drilling to commence. You elect to have a local anesthetic applied. Explain how you felt no pain during the drilling/filling procedure. What is the mechanism of action of the local anesthetic? Georgette recently underwent surgery to remove a brain tumor classified as an oligodendroglioma. Her follow-up treatment consisted of radiation, but no chemotherapy. When she asked her physician about this, he explained that chemotherapy was not very effective for most brain tumors because of difficulty getting the drugs into the tumor site. What brain structure is responsible for the difficulty with chemotherapy drug delivery to the tumor site?

Solution

1)When the depolarization of the action potential takes place then the ,open Na+(sodium) channels allow to move these Na+ ions in order to diffuse into the cell. Moreover,due to the inward movement of positive charge,it makes the membrane potential more positive which means less negative.. It returns to the membrane potential by making it more negative so that sodium iona can diffuse back.

2)Glutamate can work both as a neurotransmitter and a neurotoxin .It works as a neurotransmitter as it is released by the nerve cells which are present in the brain. Moreover glutamate also helps in sending signals between the nerve cells,and also in learning and memory of the person.It also works as a neurotoxin as glutamate is a big class of exogenous chemical neurological insults It usually affects the functions in both the developing and mature nervous tissues at the same time. This is how it works at both.

3)The symptoms occur because Schizophrenia and Parkinson\'s have been linked with alteration of the neurotransmitter which is called as dopamine.As it fluctuates the person the person feels hallucinations.

4)I felt no pain as the doctor injects local anethesia into the gum or inner cheek.This numbs the place from where the tooth is extracted.As a result there is no pain while the teeth gets extracted .