Antibiotic resistance is promoted by over prescription of an

Antibiotic resistance is promoted by over prescription of antibiotics. How do we stop this trend? What problems are involved? Is antibiotic resistance inevitable?

Solution

Antibiotic resistance is promoted by over prescription of antibiotics:

Three physiological ways by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics after they acquire the resistance genes:

Chemical transmitters released for communication between bacteria when an antibiotic enters into their habitat so that they change their physiological environment.

Synthesis of virulent cell wall synthesis proteins: Lipopolysaccharides and a few enzymatic proteins encoded from antibiotic resistant genes to neutralize or to inactivate antibiotic finally to make harmless to their cell environment.bac

Synthesis of virulent M protein: Antibiotic resistant genes are going to synthesize M -protein, a bacterial cell surface protein that can inactivate a variety of antibiotics.

Beta-lactamase synthesis: A few bacteria can inactivate antibiotics (methicillin) by synthesizing these enzymes.

How do we stop this trend? & What problems are involved?

This trends in developing antibiotic resistance can be stopped by increasing \"multidrug antibiotic therapy\" which can exert broad-spectrum activity

The problems are as described below

The naturally occurring antibiotic samples and identification of these samples is difficult for antibiotic researches to find new drugs against specific microorganisms, result in most time and high quality cutting -edge research technology is required from pharmaceutical companies to promote developing antibiotics against drug-resistant microbes.

Second big reason is \"phase variation of microbes\" & transfer of microbial resistant genes to another cells via quorum sensing phenomenon. These meticulous properties of the microbes are such as Gram-negative bacteria to transfer \"host immune resistant\" & antibiotic -resistant genes via horizontal transfer. This is leading to synthesis of hard cell wall components in them finally making hard to researchers to disrupt this mechanism in the research & development in the pharmaceutical companies

Third big reason is \"economic & clinical trials & approval: these are defined as the main hurdle for the pharmaceutical companies to invest in the biotechnological based antibiotic synthesis against drug-resistant microbes. The synthesis of these products is highly expensive due to much \"enzymatic proteins\" usage. The clinical trials to examine on the large number of people recruited during Phase III & phase IV is very expensive finally the success rate of new antibiotic may not satisfy FDA to get approval for the synthesis, therefore, it is highly challenging aspect for the pharmaceutical companies for the development of new antibiotics especially for those drug-resistant microbes.

Is antibiotic resistance inevitable?

Yes, this is due to bacterial adaptations to obtain natural selection to resist a majority of antibiotics

Other reasons:

Prokaryotes are the simple organisms with simple genome & they have no complex genome. They are very \"responsive\" to external stimuli compared to complex multicellular species as prokaryotes are going to \"change their antigenic variation\" through the phase variation. The genetic integrity include an extra-chromosomal structure called \"plasmid or through conjugate transposon\" & they transfer antibiotic resistant genes through \"horizontal gene transfer\" i.e. transformation, transduction & conjugation as the environmental cues are completely different to their survival habitat.

Bacterial Phase variation: It is an antigenic variation produced by and acquired by the bacteria to defend the host immune system finally to produce adaptations for their growth and survival. Often microbial species produce virulent exotoxins and metabolic endotoxins to inactivate the antibodies produced by host adaptive immune system.