Please answere this question for sensor instrumentation cour

Please answere this question for sensor instrumentation course (No hand writing)

Solution

sensors are crucial in a wide variety of manufacturing situations. Sensors that cost-effectively measure critical material behavior and guide a process to achieve desired properties would greatly enhance the process productivity and yield. For manufacturing, this is often the most important, yet most elusive, process improvement.

Sensor applications of intelligent processing vary widely and range from the processing of thin-film engineered materials to the processing of polymers and polymeric composites, metals, and ceramics for bulk structural applications. In almost every application intelligent processing has been applied to introduce a new material or process or to achieve a step-change improvement in an existing process that has been plagued by quality problems.

Sensors for Intelligent Processing of Structural Polymeric Composites:

Structural polymeric composites are critically important to sustaining U.S. aerospace and defense superiority.A polymeric composite typically has two primary microstructural components: a polymer material and reinforcing fibers. Two different generic types of polymers are used: thermosetting and thermoplastic.

Thermosetting polymers are initially low-viscosity liquids that can flow into a mold or around fibers. During the course of processing, thermosets react to increase molecular weight and viscosity, eventually becoming highly cross-linked, insoluble, infusible materials. On the other hand, thermoplastics are fully polymerized materials that melt and flow upon application of heat. Thermoplastics are processed well above their glass transition temperatures or melting points to reduce the melt viscosity and allow flow and to promote adhesion to the fibers.

The fibers in the composite are the component that provides the desired high stiffness and strength properties that make the material useful for structural applications. The polymer matrix protects the fiber, serves as a medium to transfer load between the fibers, and stabilizes the fiber when subjected to compression loading.

A composite structure is typically made by stacking layers of pre-impregnated material in prescribed directions on a tool form, compressing the stack, and then curing or consolidating the composite. In the case of high-performance thermosetting resins, the curing process requires the application of heat and pressure.Intelligent processing can improve the resultant properties of composite components.

The first steps in developing an intelligent processing system are the mapping of these desired end-use properties to the actual material parameters that can be sensed and the processing variables that can be controlled.

In the next step, a process engineer must assess available sensor technologies that can provide the necessary information either directly or indirectl,the process engineer can describe the range, tolerance, and limits of the sensing requirements and identify one or more candidate sensor technologies, and their respective capability and constraints.To identify various levels of improvement, the framework was applied to relate sensing needs to the currently available sensor technology