please answer these questions number by numberSolution1 An O

please answer these questions number by number

Solution

1) An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

An interface is a shared boundary across which two separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices such as a touchscreen can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide an interface to send data to a given system.

Based on the user interface, there are two types of operating systems.

2)

An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.

It provides programs an environment to execute.

It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.

Following are a few common services provided by an operating system

Program execution

I/O operations

File System manipulation

Communication

Error Detection

Resource Allocation

Protection

3)An abstraction layer or abstraction level is a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality, allowing the separation of concerns to facilitate interoperability and platform independence. Software models that use layers of abstractioninclude the OSI 7-layer model for computer network protocols, the OpenGL graphics drawing library, and the byte stream input/output (I/O) model originated from Unix and adopted by MS-DOS, Linux, and most other modern operating systems.

4) communication services is important to the long-term success of any business. In the early stages of the relationship, effective communication ensures your product or service meets the customer\'s immediate needs. As time goes on, regular communication with your customer base allows you to adapt and grow so you can continue to meet its requirements

5) The Differences between Proprietary and Open Source Software Open Software Proprietary Software (Linux Ubuntu, OpenOffice.org Write, (Windows Vista, Microsoft Word 2007, GIMP) Adobe Photoshop CS3)S Purchased with its source s Purchased without its source code codeS User can get open software s User must pay to get the for free of charge proprietary softwaren Users can modify the w Users cannot modify the software software w User must have a license fromn Users can install software vendor before install into freely into any computer computerc No one is responsible to the s Full support from vendor if software anything happened to the software
6) Read-write memory (RWM) is computer memory that can be read from and written to. This type of memory can be contrasted with read-only memory, which cannot be modified after it is written. Both of these contrast with another, more obscure, type of memory called write-only memory, which is very narrowly applied to hardware setups.

There is one major difference between a ROM and a RAM chip. A ROM chip is non-volatile storage and does not require a constant source of power to retain information stored on it. When power is lost or turned off, a ROM chip will keep the information stored on it. In contrast, a RAM chip is volatile and requires a constant source of power to retain information. When power is lost or turned off, a RAM chip will lose the information stored on it.

7) memory address is a data concept used at various levels by software and hardware to access the computer\'s primary storage memory. Memory addresses are fixed-length sequences of digits conventionally displayed and manipulated as unsigned integers. Such numerical semantic bases itself upon features of CPU (such as the instruction pointer and incremental address registers), as well upon use of the memory like an array endorsed by various programming languages.

Addresses are one of the most critical resources that need to be managed in any network. Every networked application and device -- from e-mail and Web connectivity to file storage and networked printers

8) Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chipthat has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU.

9) The steps performed by the computer processor for each machine language instruction received. The machine cycle is a 4 process cycle that includes reading and interpreting the machine language, executing the code and then storing that code.

Four steps of Machine cycle

Fetch - Retrieve an instruction from the memory.

Decode - Translate the retrieved instruction into a series of computer commands.

Execute - Execute the computer commands.

Store - Send and write the results back in memory

10) A coprocessor is a computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU). Operations performed by the coprocessor may be floating point arithmetic, graphics, signal processing, string processing, encryption or I/O Interfacing with peripheral devices. By offloading processor-intensive tasks from the main processor, coprocessors can accelerate system performance. Coprocessors allow a line of computers to be customized, so that customers who do not need the extra performance don\'t need to pay for it.

11) Disk read/write heads are the small parts of a disk drive, that move above the disk platter and transform the platter\'s magnetic field into electrical current (read the disk) or vice versa – transform electrical current into magnetic field (write the disk). The heads have gone through a number of changes over the years.

12) A disk is divided into tracks, cylinders, and sectors. A track is that portion of a disk which passes under a single stationary head during a disk rotation, a ring 1 bit wide. A cylinder is comprised of the set of tracks described by all the heads (on separate platters) at a single seek position. Each cylinder is equidistant from the center of the disk. A track is divided into segments of sectors, which is the basic unit of storage.

13) Relative Addressing is when you copy a formula across and it increments the letters in the formula.Absolute Addressing is opposite of Relative Addressing. You want to lock in the cell in a formula so that when you copy across or down the particular cell does not change. It is absolutely locked.

14) A program can be divided into logical units that perform specific functions. A logical unit of code that performs a function or several related functions is a module. Separate functions should be programmed into separate modules, a process called modular programming. Each module can be written in the symbolic language that best suits the function to be performed.

Each module is assembled or compiled by one of the language translators. The input to a language translator is a source module; the output from a language translator is an object deck. Before an object deck can be executed, it must be processed by the binder (or the linkage editor). The output of the binder is a load module

15) Application program interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. An API specifies how software components should interact and APIs are used when programming graphical user interface (GUI) components. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks together.

16) link editor is a computer program that takes one or more object files generated by a compiler and combines them into a single executable file, library file, or another object file.

17) Sequential access must begin at the beginning and access each element in order, one after the other. Direct access allows the access of any element directly by locating it by its index number or address. Arrays allow direct access. Magnetic tape has only sequential access, but CDs had direct access. If you are on a railroad train, to go from one car to another you must use sequential access. But when you board the train initially you have direct access. Direct access is faster than sequential access, but it requires some external mechanism (array index, file byte number, railroad platform).

19) A port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. In computer terms, a port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cableconnects. Electronically, the several conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to transfer signals between devices.