b fatty acids c proteins d a and b e a b and c 14 Draw the b

b. fatty acids c. proteins d. a and b e. a, b, and c 14. Draw the basic steps of glycolysis. Begin with the initial phosphorylation of glucose and end with the final dephosphorylation step that results in formation of pyruvic acid Aerobic Respiration: Krebs Cycle 1. Most ATP is erated in the which requires as the final In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and respiration. This occurs in two principal sets of reactions. by One set of reactions occur and are controlled by enzymes in the fluid of the in the membranes of the mitochondria mitochondria while the other set of reactions occur and are regulated by enzymes

Solution

1.Most ATP is generated in the krebs cycle, which requires oxygen   as the final electron acceptor. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic   respiration. This occurs in two principal sets of reactions. One set of reactions occur and are controlled by enzymes in the fluid of the in the membranes of the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial                            , while the other set of reactions occur and are regulated by enzymes.

Most of the matrix reactions constitute a series of reactions called the citric acid cycle reactions, also known as krebs cycle. Pyruvic acid is chemically modified or ‘prepared’ to enter this cycle in three steps; therefore, the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis is linked to the krebs cycle.

2. Preparation of pyruvic acid to enters the krebs cycle. First, pyruvic acid, a C₃ compound is decarboxylated , i.e. CO₂ is removed, and converts to a C₂ compound. Second, NAD+ removes H+ atoms from the C2 compound, which is a type of oxidation reaction that converts, and thereby converts the C₂ compound to an acetyl group.

3.Third, this acetyl group will bind to coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A , (abbreviated acetyl-CoA), a C₂ compound that may now enter the citric acid cycle, a.k.a the krebs cycle.

The krebs cycle To enter the cycle, acetyl Co-A releases the acetyl group to the C₄ compound, oxaloacetate to produce citric acid (for which the cycle named). H2O will be removed from citric acid; the molecule’s configuration is altered but remains a C₆ compound.

4. Next, H+atoms are removed and accepted by    NAD+   , then CO₂ is removed from the C₆ compound; thus, a C₅ compound. This step is repeated to form a c4 compound, at this point, the 3 C atoms of pyruvic acid in the form of CO₂ molecules have been removed by oxidation decarboxylation reactions; these reactions are the source of most of the CO₂ that must be/is exhaled at the lung.

5. Some energy in the C₄ compound is utilized to phosphorylate guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and convert to guanosine diphosphate (GTP), which transfers the Pi group to ADP to form ATP.                            

6. In the last phase of the cycle, two H⁺ atoms are removed from the C4 compound and accepted by    FAD+ , H2O is then added and finally, another two H⁺atoms are removed and accepted by or transferred to NAD+ to form    NADH . Therefore, the cycle may begin again.

7. For every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, TWO pyruvate acid molecules are formed; thus, the preparation (decarboxylation-oxidation) of pyruvate and subsequent conversion through the krebs cycle occur     twice    [once or twice]. Thus, in total six CO₂, twenty-five ATP and several H⁺ atoms. All carbon atoms of the glucose molecule that entered glycolysis have been removed as CO₂. The krebs cycle also represents a metabolic interface with lipid and protein metabolism, as it is source of intermediated for amino acid synthesis and fat catabolism.                                   .