Answer throroughly with long paragraphs 1You have a research

Answer throroughly with long paragraphs

1.You have a research laboratory and are interested in designing a vaccine to prevent infection by a newly identified species of toxin-producing bacteria.  Outline what type of vaccine strategy may be employed and justify your answer based on your knowledge of the immune response to bacteria that produce toxins and the types of vaccines that may be constructed to prevent infection.   Then describe how this vaccine would be tested for efficacy.

Solution

The proposed vaccine can have live attenuated antigen, killed inactivated antigen, toxoid or subunit. If the bacteria produces toxin, toxoid vaccine can be designed which would carry the toxoid which is physico-chemically similar to the toxin and would render the bacterial toxins non toxigenic by induction of cross reacting antibodies. Most common design for bacterial toxin is the one thaat carry killed bacteria. These bacteria are phagocytosed by dendritic cells of host and the antigenic fragments are presented on the surface of MHCII. Encounter of these bacterial antigens to the B cell induces clonal expansion and production of antibodies against the bacterial antigens. Vaccine efficacy can be tested to determine if the vaccine prevent the disease. For the purpose, the vaccine is tested against a placebo for disease prevention and side effects.