1 what is the primary method to remove crystal defects in a

1- what is the primary method to remove crystal defects in a crystal?

2-list any three types of defects in crystal materials?

a- suntitutonol.

b- freknel.

c- ????

4- what is a semiconductor?

Solution

2) the three types of defects in crystal materials are

a- (i) Vacancy defect: At certain temperature some of the lattice points which are normally occupied by a metal ions are vacant due to which Vacancy defect arises.

b- freknel : When an atom leaves regular site and occupies nearby interstitial site then it gives rise to freknel defect . ( Interstitial defect :suppose in a lattice if an atom or ion is removed from its normal position and placed in a interstitial site then the point defect which arises is known as interstitial defect.)

c- Substitution defect

Substitution defect: Since the materials are never 100% pure so therefore some impurities occur in case of impurity the atom is incorporated at regular atomic site in a crystal structure and therefore Substitution defect arises.

4- semiconductor: A semiconductor is a solid chemical element or compound substance which acts as both conductor and insulator. Semiconductors are divided into two types (i) p type semiconductors (ii) n type semiconductors