For Questions 1 and 2 select the correct answers for each qu

For Questions 1 and 2, select the correct answers for each question. Note that there is only one best answer for all other questions.

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1. Mark each of the items below that are needed to calculate the age-adjusted mortality rate for Town X by the direct method.

A.    Age-specific mortality rates for Town X
B.    Age-specific mortality rates for the standard population
C. The age distribution of the population of Town X
D.    The age distribution of the standard population
E.    The crude mortality rate for Town X
F.     The crude mortality rate for the standard population.

2. Mark from the list below all the items that are needed to calculate the Age-Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for Town X.

A.    Age-specific mortality rates for Town X
B,    Age-specific mortality rates for the standard population
C.    The age distribution of the population of Town X
D.    The age distribution of the standard population
E.    The number of deaths in Town X, or the crude mortality rate for Town X plus the total population                 of Town X
F.     The crude mortality rate for the standard population.

3. Calculation of proportionate mortality (numerator of the PMR) requires knowledge of which of the following about the disease in question?

A. Total number of cases

B.    Total number of deaths
C.    Prevalence
D.    Mean duration
E.    Incidence density
F.     Cumulative incidence

4. The proportionate mortality (numerator of the PMR), Standardized Mortality Ratio and case-fatality rate (CFR) for a disease are quotients with the same numerator. The respective denominators of these three measures are: (3 points; only one answer is correct; 3 points are allocated, as this question seeks knowing well three rates!)

A. The total number of deaths from all causes, the expected number of deaths from the disease based on mortality rates in a reference population, the total number of cases of the disease.

B. The total number of deaths from all causes, the expected number of deaths from the disease based on the demographic makeup of a reference population, the total number of cases of the disease.

C. The expected number of deaths from all causes based on mortality rates in a reference population, the expected number of deaths from the disease based on mortality rates in a reference population, the expected number of deaths from the disease based on the demographic makeup of a reference population.

D. The expected number of deaths from all causes based on the demographic makeup of a reference population, the expected number of deaths from the disease based on mortality rates in a reference population, the total number of cases of a disease.

E. The total number of deaths from the disease, the observed number of deaths from all causes in a reference population, the total number of cases of the disease.

5. Which of the following statement(s) about incubation period (IP) is/are correct?

A. IP is the time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of disease.

B. IP of different infectious agents could differ.

C. Calculation of IP during outbreaks of foodborne illness helps to narrow down possible etiologic (infectious) agents.

D. All of the above.

6. It is assumed that diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly. A vector such as a mosquito is an example of…

Direct disease transmission

Indirect disease transmission

Person-to-Person exposure

Common vehicle exposure.

7. The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune is referred to as…

Group resistance

Population immunogenesis

Herd immunity

Lack of virulence of the agent.

8. The attack rate in susceptible people who have been exposed to a primary case is referred to as:

The attack rate

The tertiary attack rate

The secondary attack rate

The person-to-person attack rate

Questions 9 and 10. Two surveys were done of the same community a year apart. Of 5,000 people surveyed the first time, 25 had antibodies to histoplasmosis. A year later, 35 had antibodies, including the original 25. Calculate the prevalence of people with histoplasmosis antibodies at the second survey, and the 1-year incidence. Remember to calculate the rate per 1,000 persons.

9. The prevalence of people with histoplasmosis antibodies at the second survey was…

A. 2 per 1,000 persons

B. 5 per 1,000 persons

C. 7 per 1,000 persons

D. 12 per 1,000 persons.

10. The 1-year incidence rate was…

A. 2 per 1,000 persons

B. 5 per 1,000 persons

C. 7 per 1,000 persons

D. 12 per 1,000 persons.

11. Which of the following statements portray the uses of disease surveillance?

A. Permits quick awareness of potential problem

B. Allows for quick investigation of the problem and its control

C Helps in the evaluation of control measures

D. A and B only

E. A, B, and C.

12. Match the terms from Column I with the most appropriate concept or topic from Column II.

(Hint: Use each term only once and each concept/topic only once.)

Insert the correct answer (alphabet) in each cell below

Column I: Terms

Column II: Concept/Topic

12.1.

Incidence density

Not everyone in the population needs to be immunized

12.2

Koch’s Postulates

Supports causal inference

12.3.

Dose response relationship

Links incidence to prevalence

12.4.

Case fatality rate

Number of persons living with AIDS on January 1, 2015

12.5.

Average duration of disease

Index of deadliness of a specific condition in a population

12.6.

Period prevalence rate

Secondary prevention

12.7.

Herd immunity

Risk of dying from an identified disease

12.8

Proportional mortality ratio

Establishing causation with infectious agents

12.9

Cause-specific death rate

Rank ordering of death

12.10

Screening program

Estimates risk

13. Match the terms from Column I with the most appropriate concept or topic from Column II.

(Hint: Use each term only once and each concept/topic only once.)

Insert the correct answer (alphabet) in each cell below

Column I: Terms

Column II: Concept/Topic

13.1.

Incubation period

Number of persons living with diabetes during the year 2012

13.2

Specific protection

Involves spread of infectious agent through an intermediary source such as vehicles, fomites, or vectors

13.3

Resistance

Community household lead abatement programs

13.4

Period prevalence

Time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of first signs or symptoms of disease

13.5

Secondary attack rate

A measure of infectivity of an agent

13.6

Generation time

Preformed antibodies passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or lactation

13.7

Active natural immunity

Most cases are subclinical

13.8

Indirect transmission

Ability of the agent to survive adverse environmental conditions

13.9

Natural passive immunity

Time interval between the lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host

13.10

Iceberg concept of infection

By acquiring and surviving the disease

Insert the correct answer (alphabet) in each cell below	Column I: Terms	Column II: Concept/Topic
12.1.	Incidence density	Not everyone in the population needs to be immunized	A
12.2	Koch’s Postulates	Supports causal inference	B
12.3.	Dose response relationship	Links incidence to prevalence	C
12.4.	Case fatality rate	Number of persons living with AIDS on January 1, 2015	D
12.5.	Average duration of disease	Index of deadliness of a specific condition in a population	E
12.6.	Period prevalence rate	Secondary prevention	F
12.7.	Herd immunity	Risk of dying from an identified disease	G
12.8	Proportional mortality ratio	Establishing causation with infectious agents	H
12.9	Cause-specific death rate	Rank ordering of death	I
12.10	Screening program	Estimates risk	J