list the type of bond and chemical interaction that may cont

list the type of bond and chemical interaction that may contribute to the formation and stability of the following structures ;

i) angiostensin ii , a peptide hormone containing eight amino acids (asp-arg-val-tyr-lle-his-pro-phe) that regulate blodd pressure through vasoconstriction
ii) insulin, a globular protein hormone Thai is made of two amino acid sequence , the A-chain that 21 amino acids , and the B-chain that has 30 amino acids.

extra question. explain features of genetic code

Solution

(i). Angiotensin is an octapeptide. It forms covalent bonds and chemical bonds. The interaction of an amide group and a carboxyl group form the covalent bonds.

(ii) Insulin is a peptide hormone (protein) that lowers blood glucose levels. A chain and B chain of insulin are linked together by disulphide bonds and an additional disulphide bond is formed within the A chain. Along with these insulin also forms covalent chemical bonds and hydrogen bonds.

Extra question:

The information present in the DNA consists of a sequence of “genetic codes,” which indicate four bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Three bases form a triplet genetic word, which codes for a specific amino acid, this triplet code is called a “codon.” These codons contain the information about polypeptide chain sequencing during “translation.”

A triplet code (codons) with four bases (adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)) gives 64 combinations (Eg: AUG, UAG, UGA, etc.), which code for 20 specific amino acids.

The characteristics of genetic code include the following:

1). The genetic code is unambiguous, means each triplet codes for only one amino acid.

2). A single amino acid may be represented by more than one codon, so the genetic code is “redundant,” or also known as “degenerate.”

3). The code contains the start codons that initiate the translation and the stop codons that terminate the translation.

4). The genetic code does not contain punctuations, so it is commaless.

5). The genetic code is non-overlapping, i.e., within the mRNA, a single nucleotide at a specific location is part of only one triplet.

6). The genetic code is nearly universal, with minor exceptions.