In addition to electrons which of the following is also invo

Solution

Answer D) substrates

Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the TCA cycle, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from the substrates NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. For example there are four protein complexes named complex I-IV in the electron transport chain are involved in the moving of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. The energy given to the electrons of reduced NADH and to succinate by the TCA cycle can be transferred to the inner membrane of mitochondria through these five comlexes. These small oxidation steps accomplish the conversion of ADP to energy currency molecule ATP. The NAD+, NADP+, NADH, NADPH, FMN, FAD+ are the substrates plays a very important role in the transfer of electrons (donate/accept) in various chemical reactions.