Which of the following would increase cardiac output 1parasy

Which of the following would increase cardiac output?

1.parasympathetic stimulation

2.decreased calcium during contraction

3.epinephrine

Solution

Cardiac output is closely monitored by the body system in order to maintain homeostasis and optimum functioning of heart. Many bio-chemicals such as ions, volume of plasma, oxygen availability, contractile efficiency of myocardium and hormones play crucial role in modulation of cardiac output. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are involved in increasing and decreasing the cardiac output respectively. Similarly, since calcium ion concentration is directly involved in depolazation/repolarization of cardiac muscles, decrease in total calcium ions during contraction will result in decrease in cardiac output.

However, secretion of hormone epinephrine is involved in increasing the cardiac output by stimulating the cardiac muscles and enhancing the force of cardiac contraction. Thus, choice 3 is correct.