Scientists observe that when one antiviral drug is used to t

Scientists observe that when one anti-viral drug is used to treat an infected individual, the population of HIV within that individual person rapidly becomes resistant to that drug. Apply the theory of natural selection to explain how HIV becomes resistant within a single infected individual. What is the molecular explanation for the greater effectiveness of administrating multiple anti-viral drugs simultaneously? Explain why HIV is less lately to evolve multi-drug resistance when multiple anti-viral drugs are administered simultaneously than when multiple drugs are given sequentially. Many parasites do not kill their hosts but untreated HIV does within a relatively short period of time. One hypothesis involves the following concept: Consider 2 parasites - one that is quickly and easily transmitted to other hosts and one for which transmission is difficult and rare. Which of these 2 parasites will benefit if it evolves to keep its host alive? Which is most likely to evolve a parasite-host relationship in when the host is not killed? Relate your answer to HIV. Write one hypothesis that would explain why HIV becomes more virulent over time. The CCR5-Delta 32 a allele which evolved at least 700 years ago appears to make human individuals resistant to HIV, which is a very recent disease. Write one hypothesis about why the CCR5-Delta 32 allele might be common in European populations. what evolutionary process(es) explain(s) the evolutionary origins of Human IV? Explain how the concept of genetic drift (by bottlenecking) applies to the loss of genetic diversity of HIV when HIV is transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person.

Solution

Answer: Scientist observe that when one anti viral drug is used to treat an infected individual the population of HIV within that individual person rapidly become resistant to that drug . Apply the theory of natural selection to explain how HIV become resistant within a single infected individual. Answer: HIV develops resistant to various HIV drug . Resistant is due to certain intrinsic factor and due to high mutation rate.HIV has enzyme reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from its RNA genome. HIV lack mechanism for correcting errors as a result mutation rate is high. This causes process of natural selection to take place . Only those survive which fit to new environment i.e which are not killed by drug ; they are drug resistant form of HIV . Those which are killed by drug never survive. Answer: Advantage of administering multiple anti - viral drug is that HIV infection decreases because these drug has effect on various stages of HIV cycles.When multiple anti -viral drug is used simultaneously the cycle of HIV is interrupted at various stage before mutation can take place so it is useful. Virus remain dormant within host cell for long term .Latency period is that time during which virus proliferation ceases after infection. e. One hypothesis have been proposed that favor virulence and suggest that it is maintained by natural selection . Pathogenicity of HIV is maintained by natural selection but this virulence increases or decreases as an evolutionary response to change in environmental condition