1aA biased random walk promotes directional movement to a ch

1a.A biased random walk promotes directional movement to a chemoattractant by
   swimming uninterrupted towards a signal source
   swimming uninterrupted away from a signal source
   swimming towards a signal source interrupted briefly by tumbles
   swimming away from a signal source interrupted briefly by tumbles

1b.Sporulation is a process by which
   endospore-formers can reproduce and increase their population size
   a subset of gram-positive species can survive harsh environmental conditions
   an inert endospore is revived under favorable environmental conditions
   the differentiation of the cell is determined by the phosphorylation state of sigma factors

1c.In nature, most species of prokaryotes
   form endospores
   exist as single cells
   grow as biofilms
   digest only sugars

Solution

1a.A biased random walk promotes directional movement to a chemoattractant by

Answer: swimming uninterrupted towards a signal source

In the presence of chemoattractant, the bacteria will direct their overall motion based on the gradient. If the bacterium senses that it is moving in the correct direction (toward attractant/away from repellent), it will keep swimming in a straight line for a longer time before tumbling. If it is moving in the wrong direction, it will tumble sooner and try a new direction at random.

1b.Sporulation is a process by which

Answer: a subset of gram-positive species can survive harsh environmental conditions

The formation of a refractile body, or resting spore, within certain bacteria (especially Bacillus and Clostridium) that makes the cell resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions. The cell regains its viability when conditions become favorable.

1c.In nature, most species of prokaryotes

Answer: exist as single cells