Below is represented the membrane of a red blood cell G stan

Below is represented the membrane of a red blood cell. G stand for glucose, and the membrane potential is negative (inside negatively charged). For each solute, assume that the number of symbols represents its relative concentration. Indicate the solute(s) for which the movement across the membrane will be additively influenced by the membrane potential and the concentration gradient. Indicate the direction of net movement. Indicate the solute(s) for which the movement across the membrane will be oppositely influenced by the membrane potential and the concentration gradient, Explain how. Indicate the solute for which the movement into the cell will have the most negative free energy change.

Solution

1. Moment of ions or molecules across the membrane from high concentration to low concentration additively increase the membrane potential. This is also called Depolarization. As this moment is along the concentration gradient, there is no need of expend. Generally in cells, channels or carriers do this work. Based on above diagram Outside moment of K+ ions and inside moment of Na+ & Cl- ions additively influence the membrane potential

2. Moment of ions or molecules across the membrane from low concentration to high concentration oppositly increase the membrane potential. It is also called Repolarizatioin. As this moment is against the concentration gradient, there is need of expend some energy. Generally in cells, pumps do this work. Based on above diagram Outside moment of Na+ ions and inside moment of K+ & Cl- ions oppositly influence the membrane potential

3. All passive processes or thermodynamically favourable process / exergoni processes or moment along the concentration gradient / moment from high concentration to low concentrations leads to negative change in free energy. Moment of O_2, Glucose, Na+ and Cl- inside the cell leads to negative change in free energy