This questions pertains to the journal article Hallmarks of

This questions pertains to the journal article \"Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation\" by Douglas Hanahan.

What are the \"Enabling Characteristics\" that aid cells in acquiring a tumor phenotype? Describe a condition or situation that might promote each of these characteristics.

Solution

Cancer cells are neoplastic cells and they have a property of uncontrollable division to form benign and become malignant when they migrate from region to another region. They have a property of angiogenesis means cancer cells have ability to obtain nutrients by synthesizing new blood vessels to their site of origin. Normal cells deficient of these properties of division. Tumor cells have no \"active tumor suppressor p53 gene\" due to genomic instability and tumor-promoting inflammation. Telomerase activity is deficient in tumor cells but in normal cells possess telomerase activity.

Six hallmarks of cancer:

Self sufficiency in generating growth signals, insensitivity to produce antigrowth signals, avoiding apoptosis, higher replicative ability, angiogenesis, metastasis

Hallmarks of cancer, according to Douglas Hanahan, proliferative signaling of tumor intracellular molecules have potential aspects of evading growth suppressors finally trigger “resisting cell death” result in enormous replicative immortality. These are the enabling characteristics\" that aid cells in acquiring a tumor phenotype due to genomic instability and tumor-promoting inflammation. The genomic instability of the cancer cells are going to enable \"suppression of anti-tumor activity of p53 proteins meticulously inside the cells finally cause uncontrollable synthesis of transcription factors that promote cell division result in tumor cell invasion of the tissue with inflammation. The major condition or situation that might promote each of these characteristics are “triggering of angiogenesis” followed by activating invasion and metastasis.

Invasion associated with tumor cell inflammation, is mainly due to presence of cell adhesion molecules such as integrins on the cancer cells finally promote the movement of cancer cells to another region. This process is going to connect adjacent cells to tumor cells finally undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Intravastation is the process in which cancer cells undergoes metastasis to enter into “blood or lymph stream” and these cancer cells secrete metalloprotenases, proteases to degrade basement membrane of the stromal surface for endothelial migration. Sometimes, these cancer cells are going to promote angiogenesis (synthesis of blood vessels) towards them to obtain nutrients

Extravasation is the process in which cancer cells are going to undergoes metastasis and “escape from lymphatic vessels or blood vessel” by detaching from endothelium