Which of these organsissues are exclusively controlled by th

Which of these organs/issues are exclusively controlled by the sympathetic Nervous system? 1. Most Peripheral Blood Vessels 2. Eccrine Sweat Glands 3. Adrenal Medulla 4. Heart 5. Adipose Tissue 6. Kidneys a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 4, 5, 6 c. 2, 3, 5 d. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Consider the following statements and determine which are TRUE. Sleep is an active process that has several important physiologic functions. REM (Paradoxical) sleep is the state where skeletal muscle is inhibited-except by the extra-ocular muscles and when \"typical\" dreaming takes place. It is characterized by the same beta-waves that can be seen during Active Wakefulness. Although the collection of deep brain structures referred to as the Limbic System does indeed exist-it\'s role in humans has yet to be determined and is not considered to be much importance or consequence. Consolidation memories into LTM is by strong emotions, comparison or something already in memory, or by repetition. Our voluntary or conscious mind-the cerebrum-is the most important \"brain\" region and is in charge or control of every physiological activity that occurs in our bodies, including dictating to the other \"brain\" regions what to do and how to do it. ANY afferent (sensory) input directed through the RAS will \"activate\" the Cerebral Cortex (like \"waking-up\" your computer after it has sat idle for a while)-including arousal from a drowsy or sleepy state. a, 1, 3, 5 b. 2, 4, 6 c. 1, 2, 4, 6 d. 1, 3, 4, 6 e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Astrocytes function in ___________. 1. Being the main \"glue\" of CNS 2, contributing to Blood-Brain barrier 3, removing NTs from synapses 4, enhancing synapse formation 5. repair of brain injuries 6. strengthening synaptic transmission a, 1, 2, 3 b, 2, 4, 5, 6 c, 2, 3, 5 d, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Solution

96. A is the correct answer, ie; 1,2,3 ie; most peripheral blood vessels, adrenal medulla and eccrine sweat glands are the organs controlled exclusively by Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

1. Most peripheral blood vessels:- blood vessels consist of smooth muscles. Vascular smooth muscle is innervated primarily by SNS through adrenergic receptors

2. Eccrine Sweat glands:- innerveted by SNS, primarily by cholinergeic fibres, but adrenergic fibres are also present.

3. Adrenal medulla:- cells is adrenal medulla are innerveted by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

The other organs ie; kidneys, heart and adipose tissue are innervated with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

97 C is the correct answer. Statements 1,2,4 and 6 are True

1. Sleep is indeed an active process. Some of the important physiological functions are learning function, rebuilding of neural networks. In short in sleep, the brain is warming up its circuits. hence the statement is true

2. REM sleep is also refered to REM sleep paralysis as all the skeletal muscle activity is inhibited. However, the rapid eye movement takes place because of activity of extra ocular muscles. The beta waves observed during REM are observed during active wakefulness. Therefore the statement is true

3. Limbic system is set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus. Limbic system supporst variety of functions such as emotion, behavior, motivation, olfaction and long term memory. The statement given in question is false

4. Long Term Memory (LTM) is enhanced due to emotion, repetition, comparison or similarity. Strong positive or negative reaction enhance memory retention. Hence the statementis true

5. Cerebrum is the largest part of brain, however it does not control every physiological activity in the human body. Cerebellum and brainstem also play a great role in controling physiological activities. Therefore the statement is false

6 Cerebral cortex activity is dependent on specific sensory input and non-specific activating inputs. Source of these inputs is through reticular formation at brainstem. Hence the statement is true.

98. Correct Answer is E. All 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 are the functions of astrocyte

1. It plays a main supporting role for neurons, thus forming a glue.

2. Foot processes of astrocyte surround blood vessels and induce endothelial cells to form tight junctions, which is basis of blood brain barrier

3. Neurotransmitter in synapse are removed by enzymatic action or by reuptake process by presynaptic axon terminal. Astrocyte plays role in reuptake process

4. Astrocyte control different stages of excitory synapse formation.

5. Astrocytes play major role in repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord following traumatic injuries.

6. By controlling synapse formation, neurotransmitter reuptake and strengthning transmission at synapse, astrocyte sttrengthens total synaptic transmission