1 Which best describes an event that occurs as part of the c

1) Which best describes an event that occurs as part of the crossed-extensor reflex?

A) It stimulates contraction of the contralateral extensor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral flexor.

B) Inhibitory interneurons are activated, which synapse onto contralateral extensor muscles.

C)Monosynaptic excitatory stimulation of ipsilateral extensor muscles occurs.

D)It is initiated by stretch in the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

E)It stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor.

2)   What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?

A)They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles.

B)They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons.

C)They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons.

D) They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers, ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided, even when a muscle shortens rapidly.

E)They detect the angle of joints, and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space

3)   What is the definition of a prohormone?

A) A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a peptide or protein hormone.

B) Steroid hormones that are inactivated by having hydroxyl groups removed from their structure.

C) Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and inhibit the secretion of a second hormone.

D) Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and stimulate the secretion of a second hormone.

E) Hormones that stimulate the expression of receptors for a second hormone, promoting their action

4)   Acting alone, epinephrine and thyroid hormone each stimulates release of only a small amount of fatty acids from adipose cells. In the presence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine causes a much more substantial release of fatty acids from the cells. What is the term describing the effect of thyroid hormone on epinephrine\'s actions?

A) direct B) permissive C) antagonistic D) paracrine E) agonistic

5)  Which of the following statements about hormone actions is correct?

A) Somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion.

B) Inhibition of prolactin release by dopamine is an example of short-loop negative feedback.

C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates growth hormone secretion.

D) Growth hormone is a tropic hormone for insulin-like growth factor 1.

E) ACTH inhibits cortisol secretion.

These questions were pulled from a Biology/Physiology exam. PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE, Include an explanation of why the correct answer is a specefic one, I really appreciate that.
thanks

Solution

QUESTION 1. The correct answer is -

It stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor. (option E).

An example of this is when a person steps on a nail, the leg that is stepping on the nail pulls away, while the other leg takes the weight of the whole body. The crossed extensor reflex is contralateral, meaning the reflex occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus.

QUESTION 2 The correct answer is -

They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons. (option B)

Reason - this is the main role and you can see in other option all ae similar with a little difference , so this is a correct one .

QUESTION 3 The correct answer is -

A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a peptide or protein hormone. (option A)

Reason - correct definition among others .

QUESTION 4 The Correct answer is - Permissive (option B)

QUESTION 5 The correct answer is - Growth hormone is a tropic hormone for insulin-like growth factor 1.

Reason - all are wrong in functions except this one .