For the following spurious relationships identify a possible

For the following spurious relationships, identify a possible control variable that explains it. Is that control variable an antecedent or intervening variable?

1. In Congress, women are more likely to be liberals than men.

2. Presidents are taller than other Americans.

3. Ohio and Florida have higher September and October hotel revenues in presidential election years than in other years.

4. In Congress, there is a negative relationship between an incumbent’s share of the vote and how much he or she spends on the race. (Hint: What prompts representatives to raise and spend more money than usual?

Solution

1. intervening variable in womens.

2. antecedent variable is taller than and its the control variable.

3. control variable is intervening variable that is hotel revenues.