For the following derivations proofs you may use any valid i

For the following derivations (proofs), you may use any valid intermediate theorem from a previous proof. (You may only use the propositions not R and not Q in your derivation justification after they are established as theorems.) Given the following deductive system: (P Q) R K S H (T W) R P (T W) M (L S) not R (M & S) R ((P & Q) R) not K Answer the following questions: Derive the proposition not R Derive the proposition not Q Derive the proposition not H

Solution

/* ; Studio vi handles this by default
;.nolist
;.include \"m328def.inc\"
;.list
*/

.equ fclk = 16000000 ; system clock frequency (for delays)

; register usage
.def temporary worker = R16 ; temporary storage

; LCD interface (should accept as true with the diagram above)
; confirm that the LCD RW pin is connected to GND
.equ LCD_D7_port = PORTD ; lcd D7 association
.equ lcd_D7_bit = PORTD7
.equ lcd_D7_ddr = DDRD

.equ LCD_D6_port = PORTD ; lcd D6 association
.equ lcd_D6_bit = PORTD6
.equ lcd_D6_ddr = DDRD

.equ LCD_D5_port = PORTD ; lcd D5 association
.equ lcd_D5_bit = PORTD5
.equ lcd_D5_ddr = DDRD

.equ LCD_D4_port = PORTD ; lcd D4 association
.equ lcd_D4_bit = PORTD4
.equ lcd_D4_ddr = DDRD

.equ LCD_E_port = PORTB ; lcd modify pin
.equ lcd_E_bit = PORTB1
.equ lcd_E_ddr = DDRB

.equ LCD_RS_port = PORTB ; lcd Register choose pin
.equ lcd_RS_bit = PORTB0
.equ lcd_RS_ddr = DDRB

; LCD module info
.equ lcd_LineOne = 0x00 ; begin of line one
.equ lcd_LineTwo = 0x40 ; begin of line a pair of
;.equ lcd_LineThree = 0x14 ; begin of line three (20x4)
;.equ lcd_lineFour = 0x54 ; begin of line four (20x4)
;.equ lcd_LineThree = 0x10 ; begin of line three (16x4)
;.equ lcd_lineFour = 0x50 ; begin of line four (16x4)

; LCD directions
.equ lcd_Clear = 0b00000001 ; replace all characters with computer code \'space\'
.equ lcd_Home = 0b00000010 ; come back pointer to 1st position on 1st line
.equ lcd_EntryMode = 0b00000110 ; shift pointer from left to right read/write
.equ lcd_DisplayOff = 0b00001000 ; flip show off
.equ lcd_DisplayOn = 0b00001100 ; show on, cursor off, do not blink character
.equ lcd_FunctionReset = 0b00110000 ; reset the LCD
.equ lcd_FunctionSet4bit = 0b00101000 ; 4-bit information, 2-line show, 5 x 7 font
.equ lcd_SetCursor = 0b10000000 ; set pointer position

; ****************************** Reset Vector *******************************
.org 0x0000
jmp begin ; miss Interrupt Vectors, Program ID etc.

;******************************* Program ID *********************************
.org INT_VECTORS_SIZE

program_author:
.db \"Donald Weiman\",0

program_version:
.db \"LCD-AVR-4d (asm)\",0,0

program_date:
.db \"Sep eight, 2013\",0

; ****************************** Main Program Code **************************
start:
; initialize the stack pointer to the very best RAM address
ldi temporary worker,low(RAMEND)
out SPL,temp
ldi temporary worker,high(RAMEND)
out SPH,temp

; tack the microchip pins for the info lines
sbi lcd_D7_ddr, lcd_D7_bit ; four information lines - output
sbi lcd_D6_ddr, lcd_D6_bit
sbi lcd_D5_ddr, lcd_D5_bit
sbi lcd_D4_ddr, lcd_D4_bit

; tack the microchip pins for the management lines
sbi lcd_E_ddr, lcd_E_bit ; E line - output
sbi lcd_RS_ddr, lcd_RS_bit ; RS line - output

; initialize the LCD controller as determined by the equates (LCD instructions)
decision lcd_init_4d ; initialize the {lcd|liquid crystal show|LCD|digital display|alphanumeric display} display for a 4-bit interface

; show the primary line of knowledge
ldi ZH, high(program_author) ; purpose to the data that\'s to be displayed
ldi ZL, low(program_author)
ldi temporary worker, lcd_LineOne ; purpose to wherever the data ought to be displayed
decision lcd_write_string_4d

; show the second line of knowledge
ldi ZH, high(program_version) ; purpose to the data that\'s to be displayed
ldi ZL, low(program_version)
ldi temporary worker, lcd_LineTwo ; purpose to wherever the data ought to be displayed
decision lcd_write_string_4d

; endless loop
here:
rjmp here

; ****************************** finish of Main Program Code *******************

; ============================== 4-bit LCD Subroutines ======================
; Name: lcd_init_4d
; Purpose: initialize the LCD module for a 4-bit information interface
; Entry: equates (LCD instructions) established for the required operation
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: uses time delays rather than checking the busy flag

lcd_init_4d:
; Power-up delay
ldi temporary worker, one hundred ; initial forty millisecond delay
decision delayTx1mS

; necessary - At this time the LCD module is within the 8-bit mode and it\'s expecting to receive
; eight bits of information, one bit on every of its eight information lines, when the \'E\' line is periodical.
;
; Since the LCD module is wired for the 4-bit mode, solely the higher four information lines area unit connected to
; the microchip and therefore the lower four information lines area unit usually left open. Therefore, when
; the \'E\' line is periodical, the LCD controller can scan no matter information has been established on the higher
; four information lines and therefore the lower four information lines are high (due to internal pull-up circuitry).
;
; as luck would have it the \'FunctionReset\' instruction doesn\'t care regarding what\'s on the lower four bits therefore
; this instruction is sent on simply the four out there information lines and it\'ll be taken
; properly by the LCD controller. The \'lcd_write_4\' subprogram can accomplish this if the
; management lines have antecedently been designed properly.

; established the RS and E lines for the \'lcd_write_4\' subprogram.
cbi lcd_RS_port, lcd_RS_bit ; choose the Instruction Register (RS low)
cbi lcd_E_port, lcd_E_bit ; confirm E is at the start low

; Reset the LCD controller.
ldi temporary worker, lcd_FunctionReset ; 1st a part of reset sequence
decision lcd_write_4
ldi temporary worker, ten ; four.1 mS delay (min)
decision delayTx1mS

ldi temporary worker, lcd_FunctionReset ; second a part of reset sequence
decision lcd_write_4
ldi temporary worker, two hundred ; one hundred U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS

ldi temporary worker, lcd_FunctionReset ; third a part of reset sequence
decision lcd_write_4
ldi temporary worker, two hundred ; this delay is omitted within the information sheet
decision delayTx1uS

; Preliminary operate Set instruction - used solely to line the 4-bit mode.
; the quantity of lines or the font can not be set at this point since the controller continues to be within the
; 8-bit mode, however the info transfer mode is modified since this parameter is set by one
; of the higher four bits of the instruction.
ldi temporary worker, lcd_FunctionSet4bit ; set 4-bit mode
decision lcd_write_4
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS

; operate Set instruction
ldi temporary worker, lcd_FunctionSet4bit ; set mode, lines, and font
decision lcd_write_instruction_4d
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS

; ensuing 3 directions area unit laid out in the info sheet as a part of the data formatting routine,
; therefore it\'s a decent plan (but most likely not necessary) to try and do them even as mere so redo them
; later if the applying needs a distinct configuration.

; show On/Off management instruction
ldi temporary worker, lcd_DisplayOff ; flip show OFF
decision lcd_write_instruction_4d
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS

; Clear show instruction
ldi temporary worker, lcd_Clear ; clear show RAM
decision lcd_write_instruction_4d
ldi temporary worker, four ; one.64 mS delay (min)
decision delayTx1mS

; Entry Mode Set instruction
ldi temporary worker, lcd_EntryMode ; set desired shift characteristics
decision lcd_write_instruction_4d
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS

; this is often the tip of the LCD controller data formatting as laid out in the info sheet, however the show
; has been left within the OFF condition. this is often a decent time to show the show back ON.

; show On/Off management instruction
ldi temporary worker, lcd_DisplayOn ; flip the show ON
decision lcd_write_instruction_4d
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: lcd_write_string_4d
; Purpose: show a string of characters on the LCD
; Entry: ZH and ZL inform to the beginning of the string
; (temp) contains the required DDRAM address at that to start out the show
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: the string should finish with a null (0)
; uses time delays rather than checking the busy flag

lcd_write_string_4d:
; preserve registers
push ZH ; preserve pointer registers
push ZL

; fix up the pointers to be used with the \'lpm\' instruction
lsl ZL ; shift the pointer one bit left for the lpm instruction
rol ZH

; established the initial DDRAM address
ori temporary worker, lcd_SetCursor ; convert the plain address to a collection pointer instruction
decision lcd_write_instruction_4d ; established the primary DDRAM address
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS

; write the string of characters
lcd_write_string_4d_01:
lpm temporary worker, Z+ ; get a personality
cpi temporary worker, zero ; check for finish of string
breq lcd_write_string_4d_02 ; done

; arrive here if this is often a sound character
decision lcd_write_character_4d ; show the character
ldi temporary worker, eighty ; forty U.S.A. delay (min)
decision delayTx1uS
rjmp lcd_write_string_4d_01 ; not done, send another character

; arrive here once all characters within the message are sent to the LCD module
lcd_write_string_4d_02:
pop ZL ; restore pointer registers
pop ZH
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: lcd_write_character_4d
; Purpose: send a computer memory unit {of information|of information|of knowledge} to the LCD data register
; Entry: (temp) contains the info computer memory unit
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: doesn\'t cope with RW (busy flag isn\'t implemented)

lcd_write_character_4d:
sbi lcd_RS_port, lcd_RS_bit ; choose the info Register (RS high)
cbi lcd_E_port, lcd_E_bit ; confirm E is at the start low
decision lcd_write_4 ; write the higher 4-bits of the info
swap temporary worker ; swap high and low nibbles
decision lcd_write_4 ; write the lower 4-bits of the info
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: lcd_write_instruction_4d
; Purpose: send a computer memory unit of knowledge to the LCD instruction register
; Entry: (temp) contains the info computer memory unit
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: doesn\'t cope with RW (busy flag isn\'t implemented)

lcd_write_instruction_4d:
cbi lcd_RS_port, lcd_RS_bit ; choose the Instruction Register (RS low)
cbi lcd_E_port, lcd_E_bit ; confirm E is at the start low
decision lcd_write_4 ; write the higher 4-bits of the instruction
swap temporary worker ; swap high and low nibbles
decision lcd_write_4 ; write the lower 4-bits of the instruction
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: lcd_write_4
; Purpose: send a nibble (4-bits) of knowledge to the LCD module
; Entry: (temp) contains a computer memory unit of information with the required 4-bits within the higher nibble
; (RS) is designed for the required LCD register
; (E) is low
; (RW) is low
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: use either time delays or the busy flag

lcd_write_4:
; established D7
sbi lcd_D7_port, lcd_D7_bit ; assume that the D7 information is \'1\'
sbrs temporary worker, seven ; check the particular information worth
cbi lcd_D7_port, lcd_D7_bit ; arrive here as long as the info was truly \'0\'

; established D6
sbi lcd_D6_port, lcd_D6_bit ; repeat for every information bit
sbrs temporary worker, 6
cbi lcd_D6_port, lcd_D6_bit

; established D5
sbi lcd_D5_port, lcd_D5_bit
sbrs temporary worker, 5
cbi lcd_D5_port, lcd_D5_bit

; established D4
sbi lcd_D4_port, lcd_D4_bit
sbrs temporary worker, 4
cbi lcd_D4_port, lcd_D4_bit

; write the info
; \'Address set-up time\' (40 nS)
sbi lcd_E_port, lcd_E_bit ; modify pin high
decision delay1uS ; implement \'Data set-up time\' (80 nS) and \'Enable pulse width\' (230 nS)
cbi lcd_E_port, lcd_E_bit ; modify pin low
decision delay1uS ; implement \'Data hold time\' (10 nS) and \'Enable cycle time\' (500 nS)
ret

; ============================== finish of 4-bit LCD Subroutines ===============

; ============================== Time Delay Subroutines =====================
; Name: delayYx1mS
; Purpose: give a delay of (YH:YL) x one mS
; Entry: (YH:YL) = delay information
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: the 16-bit register provides for a delay of up to sixty five.535 Seconds
; needs delay1mS

delayYx1mS:
decision delay1mS ; delay for one mS
sbiw YH:YL, one ; update the the delay counter
brne delayYx1mS ; counter isn\'t zero

; arrive here once delay counter is zero (total delay amount is finished)
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: delayTx1mS
; Purpose: give a delay of (temp) x one mS
; Entry: (temp) = delay information
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: the 8-bit register provides for a delay of up to 255 mS
; needs delay1mS

delayTx1mS:
decision delay1mS ; delay for one mS
dec temporary worker ; update the delay counter
brne delayTx1mS ; counter isn\'t zero

; arrive here once delay counter is zero (total delay amount is finished)
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: delay1mS
; Purpose: give a delay of one mS
; Entry: no parameters
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: chews up fclk/1000 clock cycles (including the \'call\')

delay1mS:
push YL ; [2] preserve registers
push YH ; [2]
ldi YL, low (((fclk/1000)-18)/4) ; [1] delay counter
ldi YH, high(((fclk/1000)-18)/4) ; [1]

delay1mS_01:
sbiw YH:YL, one ; [2] update the the delay counter
brne delay1mS_01 ; [2] delay counter isn\'t zero

; arrive here once delay counter is zero
pop YH ; [2] restore registers
pop YL ; [2]
dowse ; [4]

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: delayTx1uS
; Purpose: give a delay of (temp) x one U.S.A. with a sixteen megahertz clock frequency
; Entry: (temp) = delay information
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: the 8-bit register provides for a delay of up to 255 U.S.A.
; needs delay1uS

delayTx1uS:
decision delay1uS ; delay for one U.S.A.
dec temporary worker ; decrement the delay counter
brne delayTx1uS ; counter isn\'t zero

; arrive here once delay counter is zero (total delay amount is finished)
ret

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Name: delay1uS
; Purpose: give a delay of one U.S.A. with a sixteen megahertz clock frequency
; Entry: no parameters
; Exit: no parameters
; Notes: add another push/pop for twenty megahertz clock frequency

delay1uS:
push temporary worker ; [2] these directions do nothing except consume clock cycles
pop temporary worker ; [2]
push temporary worker ; [2]
pop temporary worker ; [2]
dowse ; [4]

; ============================== finish of your time Delay Subroutines ==============