Which of the following mechanisms could lead to resistance t

Which of the following mechanisms could lead to resistance to many different types of drugs? a. Alter the target of the drug by changing the amino acid at the binding site b. Bypassing the step in metabolism that the drug typically inhibits c. Producing a protein that binds to an enzyme in the place the antimicrobial usually binds d. Producing efflux pumps to pump out antimicrobial drugs

Solution

Answers   are (a), (b) and (d) and possible explanation has been given below:

Explanation:

The target sites (drug binding sites) are usually a proteins or enzymes that are essential to perform the metabolism in the pathogens. Alteration in the target site by mutation is a strategy to become drug resistance. The mutation may cause the amino acid alteration by point mutation or enzyme active site change protects the drug molecule to bind to it.

Examples (usually observed in the resistance to the antibiotics)

Explanation:

Due to the of important metabolic pathways globally, it changes the regulatory networks, makes it resistance. For example

Explanation:

Efflux pumping is an active transport mechanism and It requires ATP. Usually, these efflux pumps are found in the bacterial plasma membrane and in the outer layer of gram-negative organisms. Pumping of the drug or antimicrobials keeps the concentration of drugs below levels thereby avoiding the destruction of the cell.

Examples: usually observed in the resistance mechanisms involved in the case of streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfa drugs.