Q Write about only one of the following ethics case studies

Q. Write about only one of the following ethics case studies research paper,, it should be at least 6 pages. long and mandatorily cite at least 5 references or sources and bibliography in MLA format to prevnt from plagiarism. source citation in MLA format is mandatory otherwise research paper will not be accepted.

1. Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse

2. TV Antenna Collapse

3. Trench Failure

4. Three Mile Island

5. Tacoma Bridge

Solution

Tacoma Bridge

Tacoma bridge is a suspension Bridge started construction in 1938 in United States of America between Tacoma and Kitsap Peninsula and opened for pubic in 1940.When it built they had taken static forces and dynamic forces for estimation of its life span. (Note Lifespan is then amount of period for which structure stands).The civil Engineering for bridge construction is one of the flourshing field at that time and no body thinks that it colllapsed before it stipulated period.In november 1940 when the wind average speed is 40 miles/hour or 64 km/hour.The bridge started swinging and the swing speed increases with time and ultimately it collapsed with loss of only one life that\'s why this disaster was not a high importance at that time and secondly World War II alter the situation.But when everything is over the scientists think where are calculations get wrong we provided proper damping in the structure with all proper calculations and safety factor considerations. But some people might thought it\'s a God act and scientist are failed. This was a insult to scientist and fight is between athiest and believer. So according to the Learning gained by scientist they didn\'t find any reason or theory that would expect this failiure.At that time they thought that wind can never shook it like swing. This was the whole Scenario of the Tacoma Bridge.

Explanation of the problem by Great Minds

The scientists thought that something is missing while starting the construction and they called the data again for experiment simulation. What they found was that statically we are stick to scenario and no such problem arised. After such a big mind excercises by designer team someone gave the idea why we neglected wind speed which are flowing at the day when it collapsed, so they added wind speed according to the consideration of magnification factor (magnification factor is the factor when multiplied by the model gives the same result which we got for actual situation.) and the found that bridge starts swinging but they performed it in light so they unable to understand what happened to it.Actually, now scientists thought that in the whole construction they misjudged science of fluid mechanics.So to understand the fluid dynamics they performed the experimental study in a blue light to saw the wind motion around the bridge model. What they found that vortices were formed that would shed when it flow through the trusses of fridge.So now a new term came into existence which is the combination of Vortex and shed and they called it vortex-shedding.Now scientist are confused how a small thing would be the cause of failure it\'s very difficult to understand the criteria on computer simulation but thanks to experiment performed in blue light that would tell the whole phenomenon.

Observations

when vortex-shedding occur its not periodic in nature but its resonating due to resonating vibration of bridge has increased to much that structure damper cables would fail first.After failing this damper or suspension system the whole vibration would transfer to bridge and no energy transfer or observer mechanism is there to modulates or absorb that vibration.Now they understood that the bridge truss and pillar system wouldn\'t handle this structure stability and they collapsed.So in short vortex-shedding creates resonance in the bridge and that would failed it.

Mathematical modelling concept between Structure-fluid interaction

M*D\'\' + C*D\' + K*D = F

Here at failure No suspension will helpfull. so equation becomes

M*D\'\' + K*D = F

Now two factors remaining Mass and stiffness of the structure.

For fluid they are using Navier-stokes equaton in Energy form:

............Kindly copy it from wikipedia Latex is not working sorry for inconvenience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier–Stokes_equations

Cauchy Stress-starin relation

Latex problem pls take it from wikipedia.

Existence of New study Fluid-structure interface

Now this study open the doorway to the construction of bruj khalifa, empire state building and sky scrappers this is the first case but one case is also occured in england building that would collapsed. As science developed through failure of something and study of the cause. Human do mistakes and learn from their mistakes but what they documented not only for bridge but also for airplanes.this study construction adds the concept of fluid-structure interaction that would let the fall of structures due to resonating vortex-shedding modes and documented the base for future reference.

Thanks to great minds that has solved it for future generation otherwise skyscrapper and building would fall according to God\'s act as described by believer.Now believer thought God give us brain so that we don\'t blame God.He is Almighty.So Keep the Mind working and believes the God.

Thanks.

Wikipedia:

Equations

Historical dates

Nasa

API journal

Fluid-structure interaction wikipedia.