number of lines should be included in the last page of the p

number of lines should be included in the last page of the paper after References.

Assessment- Marks will be awarded for compliance with format specifications, organization and use of proper section headings and content.

Warning- While you are free to source and use materials from the Internet, you must not copy these works verbatim. In addition you must not copy your classmate\'s work. The penalty for copying for the offender and the author of the copied work is severe. Protect your paper from plagiarism .

Investigate modern Digital Satellite Communications Systems. Satellite communication systems are used to relay radio transmissions between earth terminals. A typical operational link involves an active satellite and two or more earth terminals. One station transmits to the satellite on a frequency called the UP-LINK frequency. The Saellite then amplifies the signal, converts it to the DOWN-LINK frequency, and transmits it back to earth. Your paper titled Digital Satellite Communication Systems should conform to the specifications and format gixen below Specifications and Format: Reference Report Size Paper Font CSC422/2015-16 Not less than 3500 words and not more than 4000 A4 Times New Roman, (Title: Size 14, Heading: Size 13, Sub heading: Size 12, Text: Size 9) Heading Frt Single Column Center Justification Title on a new Line Name on a new line Address on a new line Reference on a new line Double Column, ruil Justitication Left2o5m. Right2.5cm. Top 2.5cm and Bottom 2.5cm Single Page Format Page Margin Line Spacing A sample of the heading is shown below Digital Satellite Communication Systems by Kaxade Adeleke Matriculation Number 120805012) Department ofCompuer Sciences Uhiversity of Lagas (Ref CSC422/2014-15) Your paper should have the following headings: Abstract, Introduction, Other Sections, Conclusion, References and Document Statistics. Do not use a separate page for your title. The coverage of the topic with well thought sections carries the bulk of awarded marks. Therefore, organize your sections carefully for maximum coverage of topic and good effect Document statistics - Word count, number of pages, number of paragraphs and

Solution

ANSWER-A communicaton satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates acommunication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, used by both private and government organizationsWireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points.^[2] Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or \"bands\" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.A low Earth orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 160 to 2,000 kilometres (99 to 1,243 mi) above the earth\'s surface

and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the earth) of about 90 minutes.

Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a radius of roughly 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from the sub-satellite point. In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground position quickly. So even for local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity.

MEO is a satellite in orbit somewhere between 2,000 and 35,786 kilometres (1,243 and 22,236 mi) above the earth’s surface. MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality. MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 and 8 hours. MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network. One disadvantage is that a MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, although these limitations are not as severe as those of a GEO satellite.

Like LEOs, these satellites don’t maintain a stationary distance from the earth. This is in contrast to the geostationary orbit, where satellites are always approximately 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi) from the earth.

Typically the orbit of a medium earth orbit satellite is about 16,000 kilometres (10,000 mi) above earth. In various patterns, these satellites make the trip around earth in anywhere from 2–12 hours, which provides better coverage to wider areas than that provided by LEOs.

To an observer on the earth, a satellite in a geostationary orbit appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. This is because it revolves around the earth at the earth\'s own angular velocity (360 degrees every 24 hours, in an equatorial orbit).

A geostationary orbit is useful for communications because ground antennas can be aimed at the satellite without their having to track the satellite\'s motion. This is relatively inexpensive.

In applications that require a large number of ground antennas, such asDirecTV distribution, the savings in ground equipment can more than outweigh the cost and complexity of placing a satellite into orbit.